Unit 01 주제 / 제목추론

STEP3

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

① the authority derived from trustworthy maps ② political and social conflicts caused by maps ③ ideologies lying beneath the objectivity of maps ④ the conditions essential to making a map accurate ⑤ subjectivity defining the creativity of map-making

필자가 글에서 전달하려고 하는 중심 내용인 주제를 찾는 유형이다. 선택지는 명사구나 명사절 형태의 영어로 제시된다. 글의 핵심어를 중심으로 글의 전개 방향을 생각해 본다.

글에서 반복적으로 언급하고 있는 핵심어가 무엇인지 파악하고, 핵심어를 중심으로 글이 어떤 방향으로 전개될 것인지 예상해 본다.

핵심어를 바탕으로 주제문을 찾는다.

글의 핵심어(구)를 포함하고 있는 문장이 글의 주제문일 가능성이 높다는 점에 유이 하여 글의 핵심 내용이 담긴 주제문을 파악한다.

글의 전체적인 내용을 포괄하는 선택지를 고른다.

글의 내용을 전체적으로 포괄하고 있는 선택지를 골라야 한다. 글의 핵심어를 포함하 지만 주제문에 비해 너무 지엽적이거나 광범위한 선택지는 제외해야 한다.

The precision of the lines on the map, the consistency with which symbols are used, the grid and/or projection system, the apparent certainty with which place names are written and placed, and the legend and scale information all give the map an aura of scientific accuracy and objectivity. Although subjective interpretation goes into the construction of these cartographic elements, the finished map appears to express an authoritative truth about the world, separate from any interests and influences. The very trust that this apparent objectivity inspires is what makes maps such powerful carriers of ideology. However unnoticeably, maps do indeed reflect the world views of either their makers or, more probably, the supporters of their makers, in addition to the political and social conditions under which they were made. Some of the simple ideological messages that maps can convey include: This land is and has long been ours; here is the center of the universe; if we do not claim this land; the enemies you most fear will.

STEP 2 핵심어를 바탕으로 주제문 찾기 지도의 객관성에 대한 신뢰가 지도 를 이념의 전달자로 만든다는 내용 이 이글의 주제문이다.

STEP 3 글의 전체 내용을 포함하는 선택지 고르기 지도가 객관성을 지닌 반면 이념과 제작자나 후원자의 세계관에 의해 영향을 받는 다는 내용이므로 ③ ‘지도의 객관성 아래에 놓여 있는 이념’이 글의 주제로 적절하다. 지 문에서 언급된 어휘나 내용이 일부 포함된 오답 선택지에 유의한다.

1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Individual feel they are behaving correctly when they act the same as other people. In order words, the more people who follow a certain idea, the better we deem the idea to be. This is, of course, ridiculous. Then why do we act this way? Well, in the past, following others was a good survival strategy. Suppose that 50,000 years ago, you were travelling around the Serengeti with your hunter friends, and suddenly they all started running. What would you have done? Would you have stayed behind, scratching your head, and deciding whether you should run or not? No, you would have also sprinted after your friends. Later on, when you were safe, you would have reflected on what the “lion” had actually been and why your friends had run. This pattern of behavior is so deeply rooted in us that we still use it today, even when it offers no survival advantage.

① how to make immediate behavioral changes ② how a leader’s behavior affects team members ③ the importance of positive feedback from our friends ④ the role of education to improve an individual’s behavior ⑤ the origin of our behavior of following the crowd’s behavior

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

If you support green companies by buying their products, then you can afford to make choices about what food you’re burying, so you should also think about where your food comes from and how your food choices might affect the enviroment. Buying “local” generally means there was less pollution emitted in getting the fruits, vegetables, fish and meat to your supermarket – because they didn't travel by airplane or long-haul truck and put a lot of carbon and support jobs in your community. Buying local isn't an option for everyone, but if it is, there’s Locavore, a free app, to help determine what food is local and what isn’t. There are also likely many more free apps that you may already know about or could find, including ones focused on your hometown that you and your family could use.

① Buy Local to Go Green ② How to Search for Reliable Apps ③ Localization: the Shortcut for Success ④ Costume Local Foods to Help Farmers ⑤ Advantages of Growing Your Own Vegetables

주제

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?1)

Despite excellent training, actors inevitably experience the visceral life of their characters, even if it is for brief moments during a performance. Self­perceptions are altered during the course of a performance, and even more so during long performance seasons. For many actors, they experience greater empathy and social cognition for their character, which may intensify identity boundary blurring. As well, actors tend to employ more dissociative processes, which increase potential character boundary blurring. Actors also experience more unresolved mourning for past trauma and loss experiences because they continually draw from these experiences when portraying characters. Adding to this tendency to merge with the creative work, audience members also confuse the character’s personality with the actor’s personality. Audience attribution errors may increase distress in the actor, including fearing that their personality identity is not stable. *visceral: 마음속에서 느끼는 **dissociative: 분리적인 ① criteria for evaluating an actor’s performance ② difficulties in portraying complicated characters ③ background knowledge for appreciating the play ④ confusion of identity between actor and character ⑤ psychological barriers between actors and the audience

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?2)

Early astronomers saw and learned more from eclipses and other forms of shadow than from direct observation. In Galileo’s time, the empiricist’s insistence on direct observation as the only legitimate way of knowing limited what could be learned about the cosmos, and the medievalist allowance for extraperceptual insights had nothing to contribute to what we would consider scientific inquiry. Galileo’s breakthroughs came in part from his understanding of how to use shadows to extend his powers of observation. At the time he trained his telescope on Venus, it was believed the planet shone with its own light and moved in an orbit independent of the sun. Galileo saw that the planet was in partial shadow as it went through its phases, and thus

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① difficulties in observing and tracking shadows ② lack of various devices used to observe the universe ③ consistency in human aspiration toward space exploration ④ ways to record planetary movements with early technology ⑤ importance of shadow in making new discoveries in astronomy

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?3)

Children can move effortlessly between play and absorption in a story, as if both are forms of the same activity. The taking of roles in a narratively structured game of pirates is not very different than the taking of roles in identifying with characters as one watches a movie. It might be thought that, as they grow towards adolescence, people give up childhood play, but this is not so. Instead, the bases and interests of this activity change and develop to playing and watching sports, to the fiction of plays, novels, and movies, and nowadays to video games. In fiction, one can enter possible worlds. When we experience emotions in such worlds, this is not a sign that we are being incoherent or regressed. It derives from trying out metaphorical transformations of our selves in new ways, in new worlds, in ways that can be moving and important to us. *pirate: 해적 **incoherent: 일관되지 않은 ① relationship between play types and emotional stability ② reasons for identifying with imaginary characters in childhood ③ ways of helping adolescents develop good reading habits ④ continued engagement in altered forms of play after childhood ⑤ effects of narrative structures on readers’ imaginations

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?4)

Scientists use paradigms rather than believing them. The use of a paradigm in research typically addresses related problems by employing shared concepts, symbolic expressions, experimental and mathematical tools and procedures, and even some of the same theoretical statements. Scientists need only understand how to use these various elements in ways that others would accept. These elements of shared practice thus need not presuppose any comparable unity in scientists’ beliefs about what they are doing when they use them. Indeed, one role of a paradigm is to enable scientists to work successfully without having to provide a detailed

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?6)

By the start of the 16th century, the Renaissance movement account of what they are doing or what they believe about it. had given birth to the Protestant Reformation and an era of Thomas Kuhn noted that scientists “can agree in their profound religious change. The art of this period reflected the identification of a paradigm without agreeing on, or even disruption caused by this shift. Appropriately named the attempting to produce, a full interpretation or rationalization of Baroque, meaning irregular or distorted, European painting in it. Lack of a standard interpretation or of an agreed reduction the 16th century largely focused on capturing motion, drama, to rules will not prevent a paradigm from guiding research.” ① difficulty in drawing novel theories from existing paradigms ② significant influence of personal beliefs in scientific fields ③ key factors that promote the rise of innovative paradigms ④ roles of a paradigm in grouping like-minded researchers ⑤ functional aspects of a paradigm in scientific research

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?5)

action, and powerful emotion. Painters employed the strong visual tools of dramatic composition, intense contrast of light and dark, and emotionally provocative subject matter to stir up feelings of disruption. Religious subjects were often portrayed in this era through new dramatic visual language, a contrast to the reverential portrayal of religious figures in earlier traditions. In order to capture the social disruption surrounding Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, many artists abandoned old standards of visual perfection from the Classical and Renaissance periods in their portrayal of religious figures. *Protestant Reformation: 종교 개혁 **reverential: 경건한 ① characteristics of Baroque paintings caused by religious disruption ② impacts of the Baroque on the development of visual perfectionism Skills‑based approaches to teaching critical thinking now have a long history and literature, but what has become clear through more than 25 years of work on critical thinking theory ③ efforts of Baroque painters to imitate the Renaissance style ④ roles of Baroque artists in stabilizing the disrupted society and pedagogy is that teaching students a set of thinking ⑤ reasons of idealizing religious figures in Baroque paintings skills does not seem to be enough. Students may learn to write an adequate article critique in one class, but fail to use those skills in another. They may learn how to evaluate research methodology in other students’ research designs, but completely miss the flaws in their own. They may learn to recognize thinking biases in the classroom, but still use badly flawed reasoning in their own decision making. Too often students think our courses are either about memorizing a great deal of material, or about learning the rules for and playing one more idiosyncratic academic game. Students regularly fail to understand what we are trying to teach them or they fail to transfer and generalize thinking skills across contexts and classes. *pedagogy: 교수법 **idiosyncratic: 특유한

① importance of critical thinking in school learning ② limitations of teaching thinking skills to students

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?7)

Considerable work by cultural psychologists and anthropologists has shown that there are indeed large and sometimes surprising differences in the words and concepts that different cultures have for describing emotions, as well as in the social circumstances that draw out the expression of particular emotions. However, those data do not actually show that different cultures have different emotions, if we think of emotions as central, neurally implemented states. As for, say, color vision, they just say that, despite the same internal processing architecture, how we interpret, categorize, and name emotions varies according to culture and that we learn in a particular culture the social context in which it is appropriate to express emotions. However, the emotional states themselves are likely to be quite invariant across cultures. In a sense, we can think of a basic, culturally universal emotion set that is shaped by evolution and implemented in the brain, but the links between such emotional states and stimuli, behavior, and other cognitive states are plastic and can be modified by learning in a specific cultural context. *anthropologist: 인류학자 **stimuli: 자극 ***cognitive: 인지적인 ① essential links between emotions and behaviors ② culturally constructed representation of emotions ③ falsely described emotions through global languages ④ universally defined emotions across academic disciplines ⑤ wider influence of cognition on learning cultural contexts

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?8)

The primary purpose of commercial music radio broadcasting is to deliver an audience to a group of advertisers and sponsors. To achieve commercial success, that audience must be as large as possible. More than any other characteristics (such as demographic or psychographic profile, purchasing power, level of interest, degree of satisfaction, quality of attention or emotional state), the quantity of an audience aggregated as a mass is the most significant metric for broadcasters seeking to make music radio for profitable ends. As a result, broadcasters attempt to maximise their audience size by playing music that is popular, or — at the very least — music that can be relied upon not to cause audiences to switch off their radio or change the station. Audience retention is a key value (if not the key value) for many music programmers and for radio station management. In

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① features of music playlists appealing to international audiences ② influence of advertisers on radio audiences’ musical preferences ③ difficulties of increasing audience size in radio music programmes ④ necessity of satisfying listeners’ diverse needs in the radio business ⑤ outcome of music radio businesses’ attempts to attract large audiences

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?9)

Just as today some jobs are better than others, so would they have been in early societies with their blossoming towns and eventually cities, with some roles more dangerous and some having more plentiful access to food or other resources. The archeological record shows that soon after the appearance of towns, agriculture, and surpluses, some burials start to look different from others. Some individuals are buried with more precious goods (metals, weapons, and maybe even art), some are in group graves and some by themselves, and still others don’t even seem to be buried at all. The bones from the burials start to show us differences as well — chemical and isotope analyses of teeth and long bones reveal that some members of groups were getting more protein or minerals than others; some have more evidence of diseases and greater physical injuries from their labors. Early on these differences are small, but by 5,000 to 7,000 years ago they are becoming quite pronounced. *archeological: 고고학의 **surplus: 잉여물 ***isotope: 동위 원소 ① the evidence of social inequality found in ancient burials ② scientific efforts to preserve ancient remains ③ attempts to overcome inequality in history ④ cultural differences in the concept of better jobs ⑤ ancient agricultural methods passed down to the present

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다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?10)

Managers of natural resources typically face market incentives that provide financial rewards for exploitation. For example, owners of forest lands have a market incentive to cut down trees rather than manage the forest for carbon ① A Scary Legend About the Statues at St. John’s College capture, wildlife habitat, flood protection, and other ecosystem ② A Student Who Solved a Problem of His Own Making services. These services provide the owner with no financial ③ Standards of Beauty Varying from Person to Person benefits, and thus are unlikely to influence management ④ A Smart Professor Who Identified a Criminal decisions. But the economic benefits provided by these ⑤ A Success Story of a Mysterious Architect services, based on their non-market values, may exceed the economic value of the timber. For example, a United Nations initiative has estimated that the economic benefits of ecosystem services provided by tropical forests, including climate regulation, water purification, and erosion prevention, are over three times greater per hectare than the market 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?12) benefits. Thus cutting down the trees is economically Moral philosophy textbooks often proclaim that we can inefficient, and markets are not sending the correct “signal” discern if a claim is ethical by attending to the use of the to favor ecosystem services over extractive uses. words “is” and “ought.” On this suggestion, the claim *exploitation: 이용 **timber: 목재 “You ought to keep your promises,” because it uses “ought,” is ethical. “An atom is small,” because it uses ① necessity of calculating the market values of ecosystem “is,” is nonethical. Yet, despite being commonly invoked, services this is-ought test is seriously deficient. Some is-statements ② significance of weighing forest resources’ non-market values have ethical content and some ought-statements do not. For ③ impact of using forest resources to maximize financial example, consider the claims “Murder is wrong” and benefits “Friendship is good.” These claims obviously have ethical ④ merits of balancing forests’ market and non-market values content. Whatever the is-ought test is tracking, these claims ⑤ ways of increasing the efficiency of managing natural clearly fall on the ought side of that divide. Yet they both use resources “is.” Similarly, consider the claim “The train ought to arrive in an hour.” This statement is clearly nonethical, the use of “ought” notwithstanding. There is an important distinction between ethical and nonethical claims. But we can’t simply rely on “is” and “ought” to make it. Instead we need to attend to the substance of the claim. *invoke: 예로서 인용하다

제목

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① Mutually Exclusive Relationship Between “Is” and “Ought” ② Sounds Unethical to You? Check Your Moral Standard First There is a story about F. Yates, a prominent UK statistician. ③ What Determines Ethicality of a Claim, Word Choice or During his student years at St. John’s College, Cambridge, Content? Yates had been keen on a form of sport. It consisted of ④ How We Can Get to Harmony of Linguistic Forms and climbing about the roofs and towers of the college buildings Functions at night. In particular, the chapel of St. John’s College has a ⑤ To Use “Is” or “Ought,” That Is the Key to Ethical massive neo­Gothic tower adorned with statues of saints, Statements! and to Yates it appeared obvious that it would be more decorous if these saints were properly attired in surplices. One night he climbed up and did the job; next morning the result was generally much admired. But the College authorities were unappreciative and began to consider means of divesting the saints of their newly acquired garments. This was not easy, since they were well out of reach of any ordinary ladder. An attempt to lift the surplices off from above, using ropes with hooks attached, was unsuccessful. No progress was being

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?11)

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?13)

Although cognitive and neuropsychological approaches

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?15)

As much as we like to think of ourselves as being different emphasize the losses with age that might impair social and special, humans are a part of Earth’s biosphere, perception, motivational theories indicate that there may be created within and by it. Ultimately, it is the living, breathing some gains or qualitative changes. Charles and Carstensen elements of this world that we need more than inanimate review a considerable body of evidence indicating that, as supplies, such as coal, gas, or bauxite ore. We can live people get older, they tend to prioritize close social without cars or beer cans, but we cannot without food and relationships, focus more on achieving emotional well-being, oxygen. As nations around the globe try to band together to and attend more to positive emotional information while attack the problems of greenhouse gas emissions and the ignoring negative information. These changing motivational shrinking availability of fresh drinking water, in all corners of goals in old age have implications for attention to and the world thousands of species quietly go extinct. E. O. processing of social cues from the environment. Of particular Wilson, the renowned Harvard biologist, recently presented the importance in considering emotional changes in old age is problem our species faces in a succinct law: “If you save the presence of a positivity bias: that is, a tendency to notice, the living environment, the biodiversity that we have left, you attend to, and remember more positive compared to negative will also automatically save the physical environment, too. But information. The role of life experience in social skills also if you only save the physical environment, you will ultimately indicates that older adults might show gains in some aspects lose both.” *biosphere: 생물권 **ore: 광석 ***succinct: 간결한 of social perception. *cognitive: 인식의 **impair: 해치다 ① Save Biodiversity to Save the Earth ① Social Perception in Old Age: It’s Not All Bad News! ② Blocking Out the Negative Sharpens Social Skills ③ Lessons on Life-long Goals from Senior Achievers ④ Getting Old: A Road to Maturity and Objectivity ⑤ Positive Mind and Behavior: Tips for Reversing Aging

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?14)

Mending and restoring objects often require even more creativity than original production. The preindustrial blacksmith made things to order for people in his immediate community; customizing the product, modifying or transforming it according to the user, was routine. Customers would bring things back if something went wrong; repair was thus an extension of fabrication. With industrialization and eventually with mass production, making things became the province of machine tenders with limited knowledge. But repair continued to require a larger grasp of design and materials, an understanding of the whole and a comprehension of the designer’s intentions. “Manufacturers all work by machinery or by vast subdivision of labour and not, so to speak, by hand,” an 1896 Manual of Mending and Repairing explained. “But all repairing must be done by hand. We can make every detail of a watch or of a gun by machinery, but the machine cannot mend it when broken, much less a clock or a pistol!” ① Still Left to the Modern Blacksmith: The Art of Repair ② A Historical Survey of How Repairing Skills Evolved ③ How to Be a Creative Repairperson: Tips and Ideas ④ A Process of Repair: Create, Modify, Transform! ⑤ Can Industrialization Mend Our Broken Past?

② Invasive Alien Species Threaten Biodiversity ③ Potentiality and Utilization of Renewable Energy ④ Tackling Climate Change Has a Long Way to Go ⑤ Worldwide Efforts to Protect Endangered Species

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?16)

Chimpanzees are known to hunt and eat red colobus

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?17)

The approach, joint cognitive systems, treats a robot as part monkeys. Although a solo male typically initiates a hunt, of a human-machine team where the intelligence is others often join in, and hunting success is much higher synergistic, arising from the contributions of each agent. The when chimps hunt as a group rather than individually. During team consists of at least one robot and one human and is the hunt, chimpanzees adopt different roles: one male might often called a mixed team because it is a mixture of human flush the monkeys from their refuge, while another blocks the and robot agents. Self-driving cars, where a person turns on escape route. Somewhere else, an ambusher hides, ready to and off the driving, is an example of a joint cognitive system. make his deadly move. Although this sounds a lot like Entertainment robots are examples of mixed teams as are teamwork, recent work offers a simpler interpretation. Chimps robots for telecommuting. The design process concentrates on are more likely to join others for hunts because larger how the agents will cooperate and coordinate with each other hunting groups increase each individual’s chance of catching to accomplish the team goals. Rather than treating robots as a monkey — they aren’t interested in collective goals. The peer agents with their own completely independent agenda, appearance of specialised roles in the hunt may also be an joint cognitive systems approaches treat robots as helpers illusion: a simpler explanation is that each chimp places such as service animals or sheep dogs. In joint cognitive himself where his own chance of catching a monkey is system designs, artificial intelligence is used along with highest, relative to the positions the others have already human-robot interaction principles to create robots that can taken. Collaboration in chimps seems to emerge from an be intelligent enough to be good team members. ‘every chimp for himself’ mentality. *refuge: 은신처 **ambusher: 복병

① Better Together: Human and Machine Collaboration ② Can Robots Join Forces to Outperform Human Teams? ① Chimps’ Group Hunt: It’s All about Myself, Not ③ Loss of Humanity in the Human and Machine Conflict Ourselves ④ Power Off: When and How to Say No to Robot Partners ② Obstacles to Chimps in Assigning Roles for Group Hunting ⑤ Shifting from Service Animals to Robot Assistants of ③ How One Selfish Chimp Can Ruin a Cooperative Group Humans Hunt ④ Hunting in Concert with Other Chimps Determines Social Status! ⑤ Which Are Better Hunters, Cooperative or Competitive Chimps?

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?18)

On an antelope’s skull, the eye sockets are situated on the side of the head. This is because this animal spends a lot of its time with its head bent down to eat a low-nutrient food: grass. While the animal is busy grazing, there will be predators out stalking for their food, so the antelope needs the greatest possible range of vision so that it has the maximum chance of seeing its predator and making an escape. With the eye sockets at the back of the head and on the side, it can see nearly 360° around itself. The eye of the antelope is also at the back of its head, giving it a long nose. If the eyes were at the front of the skull, vision would be obscured by long grass, so its long nose also gives an evolutionary advantage. ① Better Predator Detection: Eyes’ Location Matters! ② Escaping as a Primary Defense Tactic in a Field ③ Closer Eyes, Less Accurate Distance Perception ④ A Win-Win Survival Strategy for Prey and Predator ⑤ Why Do Animals Have Longer Noses than Humans?

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?19)

Every day an enormous amount of energy is created by the

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다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?20)

There was once a certain difficulty with the moons of Jupiter movement of people and animals, and by interactions of that is worth remarking on. These satellites were studied very people with their immediate surroundings. This is usually in carefully by Roemer, who noticed that the moons sometimes very small amounts or in very dispersed environments. seemed to be ahead of schedule, and sometimes behind. Virtually all of that energy is lost to the local environment, They were ahead when Jupiter was particularly close to the and historically there have been no efforts to gather it. It may earth and they were behind when Jupiter was farther from seem odd to consider finding ways to “collect” energy that the earth. This would have been a very difficult thing to is given off all around us — by people simply walking or by explain according to the law of gravitation. If a law does not walking upstairs and downstairs or by riding work even in one place where it ought to, it is just wrong. stationary/exercise bicycles, for example — but that is the But the reason for this discrepancy was very simple and general idea and nature of energy harvesting. The broad idea beautiful: it takes a little while to see the moons of Jupiter of energy harvesting is that there are many places at which because of the time it takes light to travel from Jupiter to the small amounts of energy are generated — and often wasted —

earth. When Jupiter is closer to the earth the time is a little and when collected, this can be put to some practical use. less, and when it is farther from the earth, the time is more. Current efforts have begun, aimed at collecting such energy in This is why moons appear to be, on the average, a little smaller devices which can store it, such as portable batteries. ① Energy Harvesting: Every Little Helps ② Burning Waste for Energy Is Harmful ③ Is Renewable Energy Really Green? ④ Pros and Cons of Energy Harvesting ⑤ Can Natural Energy Sources Fulfill the Demand?

ahead or a little behind, depending on whether they are closer to or farther from the earth. *discrepancy: 불일치 ① The Difficulty of Proving the Gravitational Law ② An Illusion Created by the Shadow of the Moon ③ Why Aren’t Jupiter’s Moons Observed Where They Should Be? ④ Obstacles in Measuring Light’s Speed: Limits of Past Technology ⑤ Ahead and Behind: Moons Change Their Position by Themselves

Unit 02 요지 / 주장추론

STEP3

다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

글을 읽고 필자가 전달하고자 하는 핵심 내용인 주장이나 요지를 파악하는 유형이다. 선택지는 문장 형태의 한글로 제시된다. 반복되는 핵심어를 찾는다.

유사한 의미를 전달하는 반복되는 어휘나 표현이 곧 글의 핵심어에 해당한다. 핵심어 위주로 필자가 말하고자 하는 내용이 무엇인지 집중하여 읽는다.

글의 중심 소재에 관한 필자의 태도를 파악한다.

반복되는 핵심어와 글의 중심 소재에 대해 필자가 취하는 태도를 정확히 파악한다. 요지나 주장 추론 유형은 주제 추론 유형의 변형에 해당하므로 글의 주제문을 찾으 면 필자의 태도를 쉽게 파악할 수 있다.

필자의 주장이나 결론을 포괄하고 있는 선택지를 고른다.

필자의 주장이 직접적으로 드러나거나 글 전반에 걸쳐 간접적으로 드러나기도 하므 로 주장을 나타내는 표현과 글 전체 내용을 종합해서 파악해야 한다. 주장을 나타내 는 표현(should, have to 등), 글의 결론을 이끄는 연결사 (in conclusion, in short 등)나 역접의 연결사(however, on the other hand 등)에 주목한다.

unsustainable(지속

불가능한), already overdrawn environmental Many present offers to guard and maintain human progress, to meet resource(이미 초과 인출된 환경 자 human needs, and to realize human ambitions are simply unsustainable 원), borrow environmental capital(환 – in both the rich and poor nations. They draw too heavily, too quickly, 경 자산을 빌리다), future on already overdrawn environmental resource accounts to be affordable generations(미래 세대)가 핵심어구 far into the future without bankrupting those accounts. They may show 이다. profit on the balance sheets of our generation, but our children will inherit the losses. We borrow environmental capital from future STEP 2 글의 핵심어(구)에 관한 필자의 generations with no intention or prospect of repaying. They may blame 태도 파악하기 us for our wasteful ways, but they can never collect on our debt to them. We act as we do because we can get away with it: future 필자는 환경 자원을 현세대가 미래 generations do not vote; they have no political or financial power; they 세대에게 빌린 것이라고 주장하면 cannot challenge our decisions.

① 환경 문제를 해결하기 위한 세대 간 협력이 중요하다. ② 인류의 발전은 다양한 환경 자원이 개발에 달려 있다. ③ 미래의 환경 문제에 대비한 국제 사회의 공조가 필요하다. ④ 선진국들은 경제력을 기반으로 환경 자원을 선점하고 있다.

서, 현세대가 환경 자원을 남용하는 것에 대해 비판적인 태도를 취하고 있다.

STEP 3 필자의 견해가 잘 드러난 선택 지 찾기

필자는 현세대의 무분별한 환경 자 ⑤ 현세대는 미래 세대에 대한 고려 없이 환경 자원을 남용하고 있다. 원 남용에 대해 부정적인 태도를 취하고 있으므로 ⑤가 글의 요지로 가장 적절하다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

You would never allow a new drug to be produced without a clear label, without knowing what company produced it, without knowing exactly where it was produced and even under what conditions, what batch it came from and so on. Genetically modified foods ought to be put in the same category as drugs because of their potential harm. They’re actually even more dangerous than drugs because we eat a lot more food during the course of our lifetime than we take drugs. Even if there are small effects, they can accumulate over years. Therefore people should have the right to say, “I’m not going to eat genetically modified food because I’m not sure that this is going to be safe for my life.”

① 재배 작물의 품종을 다양화해야 한다. ② 신약 개발을 위한 투자를 늘려야 한다. ③ 의약품 오남용을 막기 위한 대책을 마련해야 한다. ④ 유전자 조작 식품도 의약품과 같이 정보를 표기해야 한다. ⑤ 식량 부족 문제 해결을 위한 국제적 협력을 강화해야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people say that scientists can use animals for testing medicines, not for fun. They say that as long as it is strictly kept as a very basic level, then it can be beneficial. And they also say we must be open-minded about this in order to go forward. However, every individual animal, whether your family pet or a wild animal, has his own and very distinctive personality. Animals were not put on this Earth for our use. They were here first. We evolved our of them. I am sick of people who say, “Oh, it’s just an animal.” It makes me feel very angry that there are still so many companies who use animals to test medicines just for humans.

① 애완 동물 학대에 대한 처벌 강화가 필요하다. ② 동물 실험은 극히 제한적으로 이루어지고 있다. ③ 멸종 위기에 처한 야생 동물들이 증가하고 있다. ④ 버려지는 애완 동물을 위한 보호 시설 마련이 시급하다. ⑤ 의약품 개발을 위한 실험에 동물을 이용해서는 안 된다.

요지

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다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?21)

① 상품 할인율이 클수록 상품의 단점이 쉽게 노출될 수 있 다. ② 경쟁 상품과 비교되는 품질 정보 제시는 판매에 효과적 이다.

Despite numerous studies on the influence of mediated agendas on politics, most studies examine text only ⎯as if ③ 상품에 대한 공인된 평가가 소비에 대한 심리적 장벽을 media only deliver words. These studies looked at how 낮춘다. reporters, analysts, and commentators verbally describe and ④ 상품 판매율을 높이기 위해 다양한 소비 성향 분석이 필 criticize the candidates. But they often neglect another 요하다. important source of influence: visuals. As some communication ⑤ 상품 할인가 제시 방식의 인지적 부담 정도가 판매에 영 scholars said, “Stories are often complex combinations of 향을 준다. visual and verbal content ⎯all too often the visual information is so powerful that it overwhelms the verbal.” The challenge of tackling visuals to examine their influence is multifaceted. The difficulties of gathering and coding visual data and of attributing impact to specific parts of images have no doubt caused veritable scholars to shy away. But the potential impact of visuals on people’s perceptions is simply too important to ignore. Furthermore, the importance of Contractors that will construct a project may place more understanding both visuals and text in tandem cannot be weight on the planning process. Proper planning forces understated. detailed thinking about the project. It allows the project *veritable: 진정한 **in tandem: 동시에 manager (or team) to “build the project in his or her head.” The project manager (or team) can consider different ① 시각 자료는 정치 관련 보도 자료 연구의 중요한 대상이 methodologies thereby deciding what works best or what 다. does not work at all. This detailed thinking may be the only ② 전문가들의 의견도 철저하게 검증하고 보도할 필요가 있 way to discover restrictions or risks that were not addressed 다. in the estimating process. It would be far better to discover in ③ 다양한 관심사를 반영하는 뉴스 프로그램 편성이 요구된 the planning phase that a particular technology or material 다. ④ 지나치게 방대한 시각 자료는 보도 내용 이해에 방해가 will not work than in the execution process. The goal of the planning process for the contractor is to produce a workable 된다. ⑤ 언론인은 보도에서 자신의 정치적 편향을 드러내서는 안 scheme that uses the resources efficiently within the allowable time and given budget. A well-developed plan does not 된다. guarantee that the executing process will proceed flawlessly or that the project will even succeed in meeting its objectives. It does, however, greatly improve its chances. *execute: 실행하다

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다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?22)

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다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?23)

① 계획 수립 절차를 간소화하면 일의 진행 속도가 빨라진 다.

The way reduced prices are written during a sale will greatly affect people’s attitude toward the products (and ② 안정적인 예산 확보는 일의 원활한 진행을 위해 필수적 their likelihood of purchasing them). If the sale prices are 이다. easy to understand using percentages (for example, ③ 사업 계획은 급변하는 상황에 따라 유연하게 변경될 수 “-50%”) or with the new prices already calculated (for 있다. example, “now only $20”), shoppers will react in an ④ 면밀한 계획 수립은 일의 효율성을 증대시키고 성공 가 automatic and positive fashion. However, if it is necessary for 능성을 높인다. them to do complex mental calculations (for example, if a ⑤ 대규모 사업에서는 지속적인 성장을 목표로 하는 세부 $27.50 product is advertised at 12% off), they will switch to a 계획이 중요하다. more analytical style of thinking. This results in more attention spent on the calculation, and subsequently on the merits of the product. No longer feeling spontaneous, shoppers will start questioning whether it is actually a good deal or not, -12-

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다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?24)

Just imagine that we have invented special glasses that give us the power to see the odorous world the way that other organisms perceive it. Put your pair on and walk outside for just a moment. As the bright sunlight hits our eyes, we would encounter a world far different from what we would normally expect. The air is full of molecules carried by breezes. Chemical signals would flood our eyes just as surely as sounds overwhelm our ears at a cocktail party. Stare at any plant and you would see compounds being released into the air from leaves, bark, and roots. A squirrel in a tree exudes carbon dioxide and other compounds with each breath. Glance along its brown body and notice that specific points (scent glands) appear to be slowly releasing chemical signals. If we could translate these signals into language, we would see phrases, sentences, statements, songs, and other messages waiting to be intercepted and interpreted. *exude: 발산하다 **gland: (분비)샘 ① 인간이 보지 못하는 것을 볼 수 있는 유기체가 매우 많 다. ② 세상은 인간이 지각하지 못하는 화학 신호로 가득 차 있 다. ③ 동물과 식물의 감각 기관은 외부 자극에 일정하게 반응 한다. ④ 동물과 식물은 화학 물질의 발산을 통해 스스로를 보호 한다. ⑤ 시각적 인식이 다른 모든 감각에 의한 인식보다 더 우선 한다.

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다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?25)

To overcome death as the obstacle that was hindering the evolution of human intelligence, our ancestors developed the killer app that propelled our species forward, ahead of all others: namely, spoken and written language in words and maths. I believe communication was, and still is, our most valuable invention. It has helped us preserve the knowledge, learning, discoveries and intelligence we have gained and pass them on from person to person and from generation to generation. Imagine if Einstein had had no way of telling the rest of us about his remarkable understanding of the theory of relativity. In the absence of our incredible abilities to communicate, each and every one of us would need to discover relativity on his or her own. Leaps of human intelligence have happened, then, as a response to the way human society and culture developed. A lot of our intelligence resulted from our interaction with each other, and not just in

response to our environments.

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① 인간의 언어는 환경과의 상호 작용을 통해 발달한다. ② 인간의 지능 발달은 상호 간 의사소통의 결과물이다. ③ 과학의 발전은 인간 사회의 문화 보존에 필수적이다. ④ 언어의 변화가 세대 간 의사소통의 단절을 초래한다. ⑤ 기술에 대한 의존이 인간의 학습 능력 발달을 저해한다.

다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?26)

Often overlooked, but just as important a stakeholder, is the consumer who plays a large role in the notion of the privacy paradox. Consumer engagement levels in all manner of digital experiences and communities have simply exploded — and they show little or no signs of slowing. There is an awareness among consumers, not only that their personal data helps to drive the rich experiences that these companies provide, but also that sharing this data is the price you pay for these experiences, in whole or in part. Without a better understanding of the what, when, and why of data collection and use, the consumer is often left feeling vulnerable and conflicted. “I love this restaurant-finder app on my phone, but what happens to my data if I press ‘ok’ when asked if that app can use my current location?” Armed with tools that can provide them options, the consumer moves from passive bystander to active participant. *stakeholder: 이해관계자 **vulnerable: 상처를 입기 쉬운 ① 개인정보 제공의 속성을 심층적으로 이해하면 주체적 소 비자가 된다. ② 소비자는 디지털 시대에 유용한 앱을 적극 활용하는 자 세가 필요하다. ③ 현명한 소비자가 되려면 다양한 디지털 데이터를 활용해 야 한다. ④ 기업의 디지털 서비스를 이용하면 상응하는 대가가 뒤따 른다. ⑤ 타인과의 정보 공유로 인해 개인정보가 유출되기도 한다.

주장

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다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것

은?27)

Good teachers know that learning occurs when students compare what they already know with the new ideas presented by the teacher or textbook. It is the students who decide whether or not to reconstruct their conceptions; therefore, teaching should be student centered rather than teacher centered. This means that students should be actively involved in making and interpreting analogies. If we believe that analogy use is an effective way to help students think and learn, then it makes sense to help students generate

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은?29)

③ 부모는 다양한 경험을 제공하여 자녀의 사회화를 도와야 한다. ④ 부모는 자녀의 친구 관계에 지나치게 개입하지 말아야 한다. ⑤ 부모는 자녀와 유대감을 쌓으며 친구의 역할을 해야 한 다.

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것

New ideas, such as those inspired by scientific their own analogies or reconstruct the teacher’s analogies to developments, are often aired and critiqued in our popular fit in with their own experiences. culture as part of a healthy process of public debate, and scientists sometimes deserve the criticism they get. But the ① 학습 내용은 학생 수준에 맞는 난이도로 구성되어야 한 popularization of science would be greatly enhanced by 다. improving the widespread images of the scientist. Part of the ② 다양한 사례를 활용하여 학생의 이해를 도와야 한다. problem may be that the majority of the people who are ③ 교사는 수업 중 학생과 상호 작용을 많이 해야 한다. most likely to write novels, plays, and film scripts were ④ 교육 활동에서 이론보다 실습의 비중을 더 높여야 한다. educated in the humanities, not in the sciences. Furthermore, ⑤ 유추를 해내고 재구성하는 과정이 학생 중심이어야 한다. the few scientists-turned-writers have used their scientific training as the source material for thrillers that further damage the image of science and scientists. We need more screenplays and novels that present scientists in a positive light. In our contemporary world, television and film are particularly influential media, and it is likely that the introduction of more scientist-heroes would help to make science more attractive. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것 ① 과학의 대중화를 위해 여러 매체에서 과학자를 긍정적으 로 묘사해야 한다. More often than not, modern parents are paralyzed by the ② 작가로 전업한 과학자는 전공 지식을 작품에 사실적으로 fear that they will no longer be liked or even loved by their 반영해야 한다. children if they scold them for any reason. They want their ③ 공상 과학 작가로 성공하려면 과학과 인문학을 깊이 이 children’s friendship above all, and are willing to sacrifice 해해야 한다. respect to get it. This is not good. A child will have many ④ 과학의 저변 확대를 위해 영화 주인공으로 과학자가 등 friends, but only two parents ― if that ― and parents are 장해야 한다. more, not less, than friends. Friends have very limited ⑤ 과학 정책 논의에 과학자뿐만 아니라 인문학자도 참여해 authority to correct. Every parent therefore needs to learn to 야 한다. tolerate the momentary anger or even hatred directed toward them by their children, after necessary corrective action has been taken, as the capacity of children to perceive or care about long-term consequences is very limited. Parents are the judges of society. They teach children how to behave so that other people will be able to interact meaningfully and productively with them.

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은?28)

① 부모는 두려워 말고 자녀의 잘못된 행동을 바로잡아 주 어야 한다. ② 부모는 자녀의 신뢰를 얻기 위해 일관된 태도로 양육해 야 한다.

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은?30)

Your brain doesn’t recognize don’t. No matter what I say, don’t think of a giraffe with brown spots on it. No matter what I say, don’t think of a clear glass vase with fresh red roses in it. What happens? It’s automatic, isn’t it? Your brain goes ahead and creates the picture all by itself. Your words ― whether you think, say, read, or hear them ― are a direct command to create. The more direct the order, the more diligent the response. Trickily, if you say you don’t want to lose your temper, your brain doesn’t recognize don’t and sees it as a royal command to get you to lose your temper. If say you don’t want to spill your drink, it’s as good as an instruction to tip the contents. Change your words to support you. Create affirmations that suit you. Think and say precisely what you desire rather than what you don’t want. ① 원하는 바를 긍정문으로 생각하고 말하라. ② 창의력 향상을 위해 상상하는 연습을 하라. ③ 일상 대화 시 명령조의 말투를 사용하지 마라. ④ 자신이 하고 싶지 않은 일을 남에게 시키지 마라. ⑤ 기대했던 결과가 바로 나오지 않더라도 포기하지 마라.

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다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것

은?31)

Confident is not the same as comfortable. One of the biggest misconceptions about becoming self-confident is that it means living fearlessly. The key to building confidence is quite the opposite. It means we are willing to let fear be present as we do the things that matter to us. When we establish some self-confidence in something, it feels good. We want to stay there and hold on to it. But if we only go where we feel confident, then confidence never expands beyond that. If we only do the things we know we can do well, fear of the new and unknown tends to grow. Building confidence inevitably demands that we make friends with vulnerability because it is the only way to be without confidence for a while. But the only way confidence can grow is when we are willing to be

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은?32)

① 적성을 파악하기 위해서는 자신 있는 일을 다양하게 시 도해야 한다. ② 자신감을 키우기 위해 낯설고 두려운 일에 도전하는 용 기를 가져야 한다. ③ 어려운 일을 자신 있게 수행하기 위해 사전에 계획을 철 저히 세워야 한다. ④ 과도한 자신감을 갖기보다는 자신의 약점을 객관적으로 분석해야 한다. ⑤ 자신의 경험과 지식을 바탕으로 당면한 문제에 자신 있 게 대처해야 한다.

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것 The chemists Hans Ebel, Claus Bliefert, and William Russey note: “It goes without saying that scientists need to be skillful readers. Extensive reading is the principal key to expanding one’s knowledge and keeping up with developments in a discipline. However, what is often overlooked here is that scientists are also obliged to be skillful writers. Only the researcher who is competent in the art of written communication can play an active and effective role in contributing to science.” From the perspective of readability, moreover, scientists should always write with a reader­centered mentality; even in the act of writing they must be mindful of the act of reading. It would be beneficial for them to understand how readers read in order to improve their writing.

① 과학자는 독자와 만나는 기회를 자주 가져야 한다. ② 과학자는 독자의 관점에서 글을 쓸 줄 알아야 한다. ③ 과학자는 다양한 의견에 개방적인 태도를 가져야 한다. ④ 과학자는 자기 연구 분야 이외의 책도 많이 읽어야 한다. ⑤ 과학자는 연구 결과가 사회에 미치는 영향을 인식해야 한다.

2023_11월_고3_대수능_20

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것

은?33)

Values alone do not create and build culture. Living your values only some of the time does not contribute to the creation and maintenance of culture. Changing values into behaviors is only half the battle. Certainly, this is a step in the right direction, but those behaviors must then be shared and distributed widely throughout the organization, along with a clear and concise description of what is expected. It is not enough to simply talk about it. It is critical to have a visual representation of the specific behaviors that leaders and all people managers can use to coach their people. Just like a sports team has a playbook with specific plays designed to help them perform well and win, your company should have a playbook with the key shifts needed to transform your culture into action and turn your values into winning behaviors. ① 조직 문화 혁신을 위해서 모든 구성원이 공유할 핵심 가 치를 정립해야 한다. ② 조직 구성원의 행동을 변화시키려면 지도자는 명확한 가 치관을 가져야 한다. ③ 조직 내 문화가 공유되기 위해서 구성원의 자발적 행동 이 뒷받침되어야 한다. ④ 조직의 핵심 가치 실현을 위해 구성원 간의 지속적인 의 사소통이 필수적이다. ⑤ 조직의 문화 형성에는 가치를 반영한 행동의 공유를 위 한 명시적 지침이 필요하다.

2022_3월_고3_서울교육청_20

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것

은?34)

Conflicts between the goals of science and the need to protect the rights and welfare of human research participants result in the central ethical tension of clinical research. The statement “Bad science is bad ethics” is true. Putting humans at risk if the study design does not permit a reasonable expectation of valid findings is never ethical. Even a study that presents no risk presents at least an inconvenience to participants and is in that sense disrespectful. The statement “Good science is good ethics,” however, is false. Study design may be scientifically valid, yet the risk of harming human participants is too great to accept. Although achieving the appropriate scientific ends is always

2022_4월_고3_경기도교육청_20

은?35)

① 참가자에게 임상 연구 결과를 투명하게 공개해야 한다. ② 임상 연구 과정에서 진행자의 편견이 배제되어야 한다. ③ 인간을 대상으로 하는 다양한 임상 연구를 시도해야 한 다. ④ 임상 연구 설계 시 연구 목적을 구체적으로 설정해야 한 다. ⑤ 임상 연구에서 참가자의 권리와 복지 보호가 우선되어야 한다.

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것 We try to avoid uncertainty by overanalyzing. But we don’t have complete control over how the future will play out. You may feel that if you can just answer your “worry question” once and for all, you will be satisfied and you can finally drop your rumination, but has this ever actually happened to you? Has there ever been an answer that allowed you to stop worrying? There is only one way out of this spiral, and that is not to try to gain control, but to give it up. Instead of pushing back against uncertainty, embrace it. Instead of trying to answer your worry question, deliberately practice leaving it unanswered. Don’t ask others and don’t think about it. Tell yourself that analysis is not the solution, but really just more of the same problem. *rumination: 반추(反芻) **spiral: 소용돌이

① 분석을 통해 미래의 불확실성을 통제하기보다 수용해야 한다. ② 타인에게 의존하기보다는 스스로 문제 해결력을 길러야 한다. ③ 걱정을 유발하는 문제 상황을 객관적으로 판단해야 한다. ④ 문제의 해결책을 찾기 전에 원인을 먼저 분석해야 한다. ⑤ 만일의 상황에 대비하여 꼼꼼하게 계획을 세워야 한다.

2022_6월_고3_평가원_20

다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것

은?36)

① 선수들의 훈련 방식은 장점을 극대화하는 방향으로 이루 어져야 한다. ② 선수들은 최고의 성과를 얻기 위해 정신적 추진력을 잘 활용해야 한다. ③ 선수들은 단기적 훈련 성과보다 장기적 목표 달성에 힘 써야 한다. ④ 선수들은 육체적 훈련과 정신적 훈련을 균형 있게 병행 해야 한다. ⑤ 선수들은 수립한 계획을 실행하면서 꾸준히 수정하여야 한다.

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다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것

은?37)

Placing value on and investing in experiences provides us with a greater sense of vitality. Our experiences make us feel alive and give us greater opportunities to grow. Any time you consider purchasing a new possession, stop yourself and think about what kind of experience it will give you. Ask yourself: How much joy will this bring me? Will the joy be temporary or long-lasting? Will the purchase be something I can share with others? If it becomes clear the purchase will provide only

2022_9월_고3_평가원_20

은?38)

Becoming competent in another culture means looking beyond behavior to see if we can understand the attitudes, beliefs, and values that motivate what we observe. By looking only at the visible aspects of culture ― customs, clothing, food, and language ― we develop a short-sighted view of intercultural understanding ― just the tip of the iceberg, really. If we are to be successful in our business interactions with people who have different values and beliefs about how the world is ordered, then we must go below the surface of what it means to understand culture and attempt to see what Edward Hall calls the “hidden dimensions.” Those hidden aspects are the very foundation of culture and are the reason why culture is actually more than meets the eye. We tend not to notice those cultural norms until they violate what we consider to be common sense, good judgment, or the nature of things. ① 타 문화 사람들과 교류를 잘하려면 그 문화의 이면을 알 아야 한다. ② 문화 배경이 다른 직원과 협업할 때 공정하게 업무를 나 눠야 한다. ③ 여러 문화에 대한 이해를 통해 공동체 의식을 길러야 한 다. ④ 원만한 대인 관계를 위해서는 서로의 공통점을 우선 파 악해야 한다. ⑤ 문화적 갈등을 줄이려면 구성원 간의 소통을 활성화해야 한다.

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은?39)

Bringing incredible creative projects to life demands much

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은?40)

At every step in our journey through life we encounter hard work down in the trenches of day‑to‑day idea execution. junctions with many different pathways leading into the Genius truly is “1 percent inspiration and 99 percent distance. Each choice involves uncertainty about which path perspiration.” But we cannot forget the flip side of that 99 will get you to your destination. Trusting our intuition to make percent — it’s impossible to solve every problem by sheer the choice often ends up with us making a suboptimal force of will. We must also make time for play, relaxation, choice. Turning the uncertainty into numbers has proved a and exploration, the essential ingredients of the creative potent way of analyzing the paths and finding the shortcut to insights that help us evolve existing ideas and set new your destination. The mathematical theory of probability projects in motion. Often this means creating a routine for hasn’t eliminated risk, but it allows us to manage that risk breaking from your routine, working on exploratory side more effectively. The strategy is to analyze all the possible projects just for the hell of it, or finding new ways to hotwire scenarios that the future holds and then to see what your brain’s perspective on a problem. To stay creatively fit, proportion of them lead to success or failure. This gives you we must keep our minds engaged and on the move —

a much better map of the future on which to base your because the greatest enemy of creativity is nothing more than decisions about which path to choose. standing still.

① 창의성을 유지할 다양한 경험과 활동을 지속해야 한다. ② 내적 비판과 성찰을 통해 숨은 잠재력을 일깨워야 한다. ③ 일상에서의 관찰을 통해 새로운 아이디어를 얻어야 한다. ④ 혁신적 아이디어를 내려면 기존 사고의 틀을 버려야 한 다. ⑤ 추상적인 생각을 뛰어넘어 구체적인 적용을 모색해야 한 다.

*junction: 분기점 **suboptimal: 차선의

① 성공적인 삶을 위해 미래에 대한 구체적인 계획을 세워 야 한다. ② 중요한 결정을 내릴 때에는 자신의 직관에 따라 판단해 야 한다. ③ 더 나은 선택을 위해 성공 가능성을 확률적으로 분석해 야 한다. ④ 빠른 목표 달성을 위해 지름길로 가고자 할 때 신중해야 한다. ⑤ 인생의 여정에서 선택에 따른 결과를 스스로 책임져야 한다.

Unit 03 함축의미추론

STEP1 STEP2

유형 해결 전락

STEP3

대표 기출 적용

글을 읽고 밑줄 친 단어나 어구, 문장이 함축하는 바를 추론하는 유형이다.

글의 결론 또는 주제를 통해 전체 내용을 파악한다.

글의 흐름을 이해하며 주제를 뒷받침하는 세부 내용을 파악한다.

밑줄 친 어구를 글자 그대로 해석한 뒤 내포된 의미를 추측한다.

밑줄 친 The body works the same way.가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

유형 해결 전략

STEP 1 밑줄 친 부분은 글의 주제나 요 지와 관련이 있으므로 먼저 글의 내용을 파악한다.

질병이 발생하는 과정을 도미노가 무너지는 것과 비교하여 설명한 글 The body tends to accumulate problems, often beginning with one 로, ‘신체의문제(질병, 증상) 는 작 고 사소해 보이는 불균형(문제)에서 small, seemingly minor imbalance. This problem causes another subtle 시작되며, 최초의 원인을 해결하는 imbalance, which triggers another, then several more. In the end, you 것이 중요하다’는 것이 글의 핵심 get a symptom. It’s like lining up a series of dominoes. All you need 내용이다. to do is knock down the first one and many others will fall too. What caused the last one to fall? Obviously it wasn’t the one before it, or the one before that, but the first one. The body works the same way. STEP 2 주제와의 연관성을 생각하며 밑 The initial problem is often unnoticed. It’s not until some of the later 줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바를 추측해 본 “dominoes” fall that more obvious clues and symptoms appear. In 다. the end, you get a headache, fatigue or depression ― or even disease. When you try to treat the last domino ― treat just the end-result 밑줄 친 문장에서 the same way가 가리키는 것이 무엇인지 생각해 본 symptom ― the cause of the problem isn’t addressed. The first 다. ‘같은 방식으로’라고 했으므 로 앞에 나온 내용과 연관이 있음 을 추론할 수 있다.

① There is no definite order in treating an illness. ② Minor health problems are solved by themselves. ③ You got more and more inactive you get order. ④ It’ll never be too late to cure the end-result symptom. ⑤ The final symptom stems from the first minor problem.

domino is the cause, or primary problem. *accumulate 축적하다

STEP 3 추측한 내용과 선택지를 비교하 여 답을 고른다.

‘마지막에 도미노를 쓰러뜨리는 것은 최초의 도미노’이며 신체도 도미노와 같은 방식으로 작동한다 는 것이므로 ⑤‘최종 증상도 최초 의 사소한 문제에서 생겨난다’가 정답이다.

1. 밑줄 친 look beyond the price tag가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Imagine you opened your closet and 3,900 liters of water came rushing out. That’s a lot of wasted water ― nearly 40 full bathtubs! Of course, this couldn’t really happen. But that’s how much water it takes to produce a single cotton T-shirt. You might think cotton is an environmentally friendly material. But all that water is needed to grow, bleach, wash, and dye it, and to purify the water after using the fertilizers, pesticides, and chemicals. Even worse, the water most likely came from a water-deficient region where environmental protection policies are not being implemented. Instead, water is sold to the highest bidder ― often manufacturers or large farms. As a result, rivers are drained until they are dry, which damages entire ecosystems. Although water is a renewable resource, it is not an unlimited one. Therefore, whenever we make a purchase, we must look beyond the price tag.

① check the exact price ② pay less than the price tag ③ choose only natural materials ④ think about the environmental cost ⑤ help people living in regions where water is scarce

2. 밑줄 친 black holes have no hair가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

A black hole is an object that contains an extremely large amount of mass in a very small area. This dense mass creates such a strong gravitational pull that nothing, including light, can escape it. John Wheeler, an American physicist, coined the term “black hole” in 1967 He also once said that “black holes have no hair.” Wheeler was referring to the fact that the color, length and style of a person’s hair provide us with details that can be used to identify and describe that person. So far, scientists have only been able to measure the mass, electronic charge, and angular momentum of individual black holes. This may, however, change in the near future, because an image of a black hole in the M87 galaxy was recently obtained, which is the first of its kind. It may soon provide scientists with more information about black holes than they ever had before.

① the surface of a black hole is smooth ② black holes have no distinctive features ③ the mass of black hole grows rapidly ④ gravity surrounds black holes like hair ⑤ black holes fall apart when they get old

*electronic charge 전자 전하 angular momentum 각운동량(회전하는 물체의 운동량)

3. 밑줄 친 hand-eye coordination 이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Archaeologists have discovered large amounts of cave art produced by early humans, Homo sapiens who lived thousands of years ago. This includes many realistic pictures of people hunting animals. Neanderthals, our ancient cousins, on the other hand, were not accomplished artists. Drawing and hunting both require hand-eye coordination. Neanderthals used spears to stab their prey at close range, which required little skill. Early humans living on the open grasslands of Africa also hunted with spears. However, they threw them at their prey, an act which required high levels of skill. This style of hunting improved their visualization abilities and caused their parietal cortexes ― the part of the brain related to vision and motor skills ― to develop. Not only did this make them better hunters, but it also gave them the ability to create works of art depicting their hunting experiences.

① using both their hands and eyes together ② understanding how to hung prey with tools ③ communicating with words and hand gestures ④ appreciating the subtle differences between colors ⑤ knowing the importance of building their strength

*parietal cortex 두정엽(운동 명령을 내리는 운동 중추가 있음)

4. 밑줄 친 serve the same function 이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In big cities, many of the largest skyscrapers serve as spaces where people spend their days working to earn money. Most of these buildings are also home to restaurants and eateries, where these office workers can not only obtain the food and drinks they need to survive but also gather together to socialize and discuss their problems. It is evident that they are as natural as an anthill or a nest built by a bird. They were created by human beings, who are undeniably a part of nature, and they have been built from natural materials. People may complain that soil has been covered up by concrete, but there are plenty of natural places where there is no soil. In the world’s big cities, the ecosystems that once existed have simply been replaced by urban ecosystems that serve the same function as ones that are considered to be more “natural.”

① destroy the ecosystem ② support and sustain life ③ replace soil with concrete ④ allow companies to grow ⑤ recycle natural materials

함축의미추론

2024학년도_대학수학능력시험_21

밑줄 친 a nonstick frying pan이 다음 글에서 의미하는

바로 가장 적절한 것은?41)

How you focus your attention plays a critical role in how you deal with stress. Scattered attention harms your ability to let go of stress, because even though your attention is scattered, it is narrowly focused, for you are able to fixate only on the stressful parts of your experience. When your attentional spotlight is widened, you can more easily let go of stress. You can put in perspective many more aspects of any situation and not get locked into one part that ties you down to superficial and anxiety-provoking levels of attention. A narrow focus heightens the stress level of each experience, but a widened focus turns down the stress level because you’re better able to put each situation into a broader perspective. One anxiety-provoking detail is less important than the bigger picture. It’s like transforming yourself into a nonstick frying pan. You can still fry an egg, but the egg won’t stick to the pan. *provoke: 유발시키다 ① never being confronted with any stressful experiences in daily life ② broadening one’s perspective to identify the cause of stress ③ rarely confining one’s attention to positive aspects of an experience ④ having a larger view of an experience beyond its stressful aspects ⑤ taking stress into account as the source of developing a wide view

2023_9월_고3_한국교육과정평가원_모의평가_21

밑줄 친 “The best is the enemy of the good.”이 다

음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?42)

Gold plating in the project means needlessly enhancing the expected results, namely, adding characteristics that are costly, not required, and that have low added value with respect to the targets — in other words, giving more with no real justification other than to demonstrate one’s own talent. Gold plating is especially interesting for project team members, as it is typical of projects with a marked professional component — in other words, projects that involve specialists with proven experience and extensive professional autonomy. In these environments specialists often see the project as an opportunity to test and enrich their skill sets. There is therefore a strong temptation, in all good faith, to engage in gold plating, namely, to achieve more or higher-quality work that gratifies the professional but does not add value to the client’s requests, and at the same time removes valuable resources from the project. As the saying goes, “The best is the enemy of the good.” *autonomy: 자율성 **gratify: 만족시키다 ① Pursuing perfection at work causes conflicts among team members. ② Raising work quality only to prove oneself is not desirable. ③ Inviting overqualified specialists to a project leads to bad ends. ④ Responding to the changing needs of clients is unnecessary. ⑤ Acquiring a range of skills for a project does not ensure success.

2023_6월_고3_한국교육과정평가원_모의평가_21

밑줄 친 a stick in the bundle이 다음 글에서 의미하는

바로 가장 적절한 것은?43)

Lawyers sometimes describe ownership as a bundle of sticks. This metaphor was introduced about a century ago, and it has dramatically transformed the teaching and practice of law. The metaphor is useful because it helps us see ownership as a grouping of interpersonal rights that can be separated and put back together. When you say It’s mine in reference to a resource, often that means you own a lot of the sticks that make up the full bundle: the sell stick, the rent stick, the right to mortgage, license, give away, even destroy the thing. Often, though, we split the sticks up, as for a piece of land: there may be a landowner, a bank with a mortgage, a tenant with a lease, a plumber with a license to enter the land, an oil company with mineral rights. Each of these parties owns a stick in the bundle. *mortgage: 저당잡히다 **tenant: 임차인 ① a legal obligation to develop the resource ② a priority to legally claim the real estate ③ a right to use one aspect of the property ④ a building to be shared equally by tenants ⑤ a piece of land nobody can claim as their own

2023학년도_대학수학능력시험_21

밑줄 친 make oneself public to oneself 가 다음 글에서

의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?44)

Coming of age in the 18th and 19th centuries, the personal diary became a centerpiece in the construction of a modern subjectivity, at the heart of which is the application of reason and critique to the understanding of world and self, which allowed the creation of a new kind of knowledge. Diaries were central media through which enlightened and free subjects could be constructed. They provided a space where one could write daily about her whereabouts, feelings, and thoughts. Over time and with rereading, disparate entries, events, and happenstances could be rendered into insights and narratives about the self, and allowed for the formation of subjectivity. It is in that context that the idea of “the self [as] both made and explored with words” emerges. Diaries were personal and private; one would write for oneself, or, in Habermas’s formulation, one would make oneself public to oneself. By making the self public in a private sphere, the self also became an object for self-inspection and self-critique. *disparate: 이질적인 **render: 만들다 ① use writing as a means of reflecting on oneself ② build one’s identity by reading others’ diaries ③ exchange feedback in the process of writing ④ create an alternate ego to present to others ⑤ develop topics for writing about selfhood

은?45)

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밑줄 친 send us off into different far corners of the library 가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것 You may feel there is something scary about an algorithm deciding what you might like. Could it mean that, if computers conclude you won’t like something, you will never get the chance to see it? Personally, I really enjoy being directed toward new music that I might not have found by myself. I can quickly get stuck in a rut where I put on the same songs over and over. That’s why I’ve always enjoyed the radio. But the algorithms that are now pushing and pulling me through the music library are perfectly suited to finding gems that I’ll like. My worry originally about such algorithms was that they might drive everyone into certain parts of the library, leaving others lacking listeners. Would they cause a convergence of tastes? But thanks to the nonlinear and chaotic mathematics usually behind them, this doesn’t happen. A small divergence in my likes compared to yours can send us off into different far corners of the library. * rut: 관습, 틀 ** gem: 보석 *** divergence: 갈라짐

① lead us to music selected to suit our respective tastes ② enable us to build connections with other listeners ③ encourage us to request frequent updates for algorithms ④ motivate us to search for talented but unknown musicians ⑤ make us ignore our preferences for particular music genres

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밑줄 친 “view from nowhere”가 다음 글에서 의미하

는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?46)

Our view of the world is not given to us from the outside in a pure, objective form; it is shaped by our mental abilities, our shared cultural perspectives and our unique values and beliefs. This is not to say that there is no reality outside our minds or that the world is just an illusion. It is to say that our version of reality is precisely that: our version, not the version. There is no single, universal or authoritative version that makes sense, other than as a theoretical construct. We can see the world only as it appears to us, not “as it truly is,” because there is no “as it truly is” without a perspective to give it form. Philosopher Thomas Nagel argued that there is no “view from nowhere,” since we cannot see the world except from a particular perspective, and that perspective influences what we see. We can experience the world only through the human lenses that make it intelligible to us. * illusion: 환영 ① perception of reality affected by subjective views ② valuable perspective most people have in mind ③ particular view adopted by very few people ④ critical insight that defeats our prejudices ⑤ unbiased and objective view of the world

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밑줄 친 whether to make ready for the morning commute or not이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적

절한 것은?47)

① questionable facts that have been popularized by non-experts ② readily applicable information offered by specialized experts ③ common knowledge that hardly influences crucial decisions ④ practical information produced by both specialists and lay people ⑤ biased knowledge that is widespread in the local community

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밑줄 친 Flicking the collaboration light switch가 다음 글

에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?48)

Flicking the collaboration light switch is something that leaders are uniquely positioned to do, because several obstacles stand in the way of people voluntarily working alone. For one thing, the fear of being left out of the loop can keep them glued to their enterprise social media. Individuals don’t want to be ― or appear to be ― isolated. For another, knowing what their teammates are doing provides a sense of comfort and security, because people can adjust their own behavior to be in harmony with the group. It’s risky to go off on their own to try something new that will probably not be successful right from the start. But even though it feels reassuring for individuals to be hyperconnected, it’s better for the organization if they periodically go off and think for themselves and generate diverse ― if not quite mature ― ideas. Thus, it becomes the leader’s job to create conditions that are good for the whole by enforcing intermittent interaction even when people wouldn’t choose it for themselves, without making it seem like a punishment. * intermittent: 간헐적인 ① breaking physical barriers and group norms that prohibit cooperation Scientists have no special purchase on moral or ethical decisions; a climate scientist is no more qualified to comment ② having people stop working together and start working individually on health care reform than a physicist is to judge the causes of bee colony collapse. The very features that create expertise ③ encouraging people to devote more time to online collaboration in a specialized domain lead to ignorance in many others. In some cases lay people ― farmers, fishermen, patients, native ④ shaping environments where higher productivity is required peoples ― may have relevant experiences that scientists can ⑤ requiring workers to focus their attention on group projects learn from. Indeed, in recent years, scientists have begun to recognize this: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment includes observations gathered from local native groups. So our trust needs to be limited, and focused. It needs to be very particular. Blind trust will get us into at least as much trouble as no trust at all. But without some degree of trust in our designated experts ― the men and women who have devoted their lives to sorting out tough questions about the natural

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밑줄 친 an empty inbox가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로

가장 적절한 것은?49)

The single most important change you can make in your working habits is to switch to creative work first, reactive work second. This means blocking off a large chunk of time every day for creative work on your own priorities, with the phone and e-mail off. I used to be a frustrated writer. Making this switch turned me into a productive writer. Yet there wasn’t a single day when I sat down to write an article, blog post, or book chapter without a string of people waiting for me to get back to them. It wasn’t easy, and it still isn’t, particularly when I get phone messages beginning “I sent you an e-mail two hours ago … !” By definition, this approach goes against the grain of others’ expectations and the pressures they put on you. It takes willpower to switch off the world, even for an hour. It feels uncomfortable, and sometimes people get upset. But it’s better to disappoint a few people over small things, than to abandon your dreams for an empty inbox. Otherwise, you’re sacrificing your potential for the illusion of professionalism. ① following an innovative course of action ② attempting to satisfy other people’s demands ③ completing challenging work without mistakes ④ removing social ties to maintain a mental balance ⑤ securing enough opportunities for social networking

바로 가장 적절한 것은?51)

① uncovering the history of a species’ biological evolution ② urging a shift to sustainable human behaviour for nature ③ fighting against widespread violations of human rights ④ rewriting history for more underrepresented people ⑤ restricting the power of environmental lawmakers

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밑줄 친 don’t knock the box가 다음 글에서 의미하는 By expecting what’s likely to happen next, you prepare for the few most likely scenarios so that you don’t have to figure things out while they’re happening. It’s therefore not a surprise when a restaurant server offers you a menu. When she brings you a glass with a clear fluid in it, you don’t have to ask if it’s water. After you eat, you don’t have to figure out why you aren’t hungry anymore. All these things are expected and are therefore not problems to solve. Furthermore, imagine how demanding it would be to always consider all the possible uses for all the familiar objects with which you interact. Should I use my hammer or my telephone to pound in that nail? On a daily basis, functional fixedness is a relief, not a curse. That’s why you shouldn’t even attempt to consider all your options and possibilities. You can’t. If you tried to, then you’d never get anything done. So don’t knock the box. Ironically, although it limits your thinking, it also makes you smart. It helps you to stay one step ahead of reality.

① Deal with a matter based on your habitual expectations. ② Question what you expect from a familiar object. ③ Replace predetermined routines with fresh ones. ④ Think over all possible outcomes of a given situation. There is an African proverb that says, ‘Till the lions have ⑤ Extend all the boundaries that guide your thinking to insight. their historians, tales of hunting will always glorify the hunter’. The proverb is about power, control and law making. Environmental journalists have to play the role of the ‘lion’s historians’. They have to put across the point of view of the environment to people who make the laws. They have to be the voice of wild India. The present rate of human consumption is completely unsustainable. Forest, wetlands, wastelands, coastal zones, eco-sensitive zones, they are all seen as disposable for the accelerating demands of human population. But to ask for any change in human behaviour ― whether it be to cut down on consumption, alter lifestyles or decrease population growth ― is seen as a violation of human rights. But at some point human rights

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밑줄 친 the role of the ‘lion’s historians’가 다음

글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?50)

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밑줄 친 journey edges가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로

가장 적절한 것은?52)

Many ancillary businesses that today seem almost core at one time started out as journey edges. For example, retailers often boost sales with accompanying support such as assembly or installation services. Think of a home goods retailer selling an unassembled outdoor grill as a box of parts and leaving its customer’s mission incomplete. When that retailer also sells assembly and delivery, it takes another step in the journey to the customer’s true mission of cooking in his backyard. Another example is the business-to-business service contracts that are layered on top of software sales.

가장 적절한 것은?54)

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밑줄 친 a cage model이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 For a long time, tourism was seen as a huge monster Maintenance, installation, training, delivery, anything at all that invading the areas of indigenous peoples, introducing them to turns do-it-yourself into a do-it-for-me solution originally the evils of the modern world. However, research has shown resulted from exploring the edge of where core products that this is not the correct way to perceive it. In most places, intersect with customer journeys. *ancillary: 보조의, 부차적인 **intersect: 교차하다

tourists are welcome and indigenous people see tourism as a path to modernity and economic development. But such development is always a two-edged sword. Tourism can mean progress, but most often also means the loss of traditions and cultural uniqueness. And, of course, there are examples of ‘cultural pollution’, ‘vulgarization’ and ‘phony-folk-cultures’. The background for such

① requiring customers to purchase unnecessary goods ② decreasing customers’ dependence on business services ③ focusing more on selling end products than components ④ adding a technological breakthrough to their core products ⑤ providing extra services beyond customers’ primary characteristics is often more or less romantic and the purchase normative ideas of a former or prevailing authenticity. Ideally (to some) there should exist ancient cultures for modern consumers to gaze at, or even step into for a while, while travelling or on holiday. This is a cage model that is difficult 밑줄 친 playing intellectual air guitar가 다음 글에서 의

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미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?53)

Any learning environment that deals with only the database instincts or only the improvisatory instincts ignores one half of our ability. It is bound to fail. It makes me think of jazz guitarists: They’re not going to make it if they know a lot about music theory but don’t know how to jam in a live concert. Some schools and workplaces emphasize a stable, rote-learned database. They ignore the improvisatory instincts drilled into us for millions of years. Creativity suffers. Others emphasize creative usage of a database, without installing a fund of knowledge in the first place. They ignore our need to obtain a deep understanding of a subject, which includes memorizing and storing a richly structured database. You get people who are great improvisers but don’t have depth of knowledge. You may know someone like this where you work. They may look like jazz musicians and have the appearance of jamming, but in the end they know nothing. They’re playing intellectual air guitar. * rote-learned: 기계적으로 암기한 ① acquiring necessary experience to enhance their creativity ② exhibiting artistic talent coupled with solid knowledge of music ③ posing as experts by demonstrating their in-depth knowledge

to defend in a global world where we all, indigenous or not, are part of the same social fabric. *indigenous 토착의 **vulgarization 상스럽게 함 ① preserving a past culture in its original form for consumption ② restoring local cultural heritages that have long been neglected ③ limiting public access to prehistoric sites for conservation ④ confining tourism research to authentic cultural traditions ⑤ maintaining a budget for cultural policies and regulations

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밑줄 친 “Garbage in, garbage out”이 다음 글에서

의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?55)

Many companies confuse activities and results. As a consequence, they make the mistake of designing a process that sets out milestones in the form of activities that must be carried out during the sales cycle. Salespeople have a genius for doing what’s compensated rather than what’s effective. If your process has an activity such as “submit proposal” or “make cold call,” then that’s just what your people will do. No matter that the calls were to the wrong customer or went nowhere. No matter that the proposal wasn’t submitted at the right point in the buying decision or contained inappropriate information. The process asked for activity, and activity was what it got. Salespeople have done what was asked for. “Garbage in, garbage out” they will delight in telling you. “It’s not our problem, it’s this dumb process.” ① In seeking results, compensation is the key to quality. ② Salespeople should join in a decision-making process. ③ Shared understanding does not always result in success. ④ Activities drawn from false information produce failure. ⑤ Processes focused on activities end up being ineffective.

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밑줄 친 refining ignorance가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바

로 가장 적절한 것은?56)

Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance. Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results. Society helps them along in this mad chase. Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions. But it's wrong. Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions. The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery. A discovery, an uncovering - of new ignorance. The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result. Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."

* pinnacle: 정점 ① looking beyond what is known towards what is left unknown ② offering an ultimate account of what has been discovered ③ analyzing existing knowledge with an objective mindset ④ inspiring scientists to publicize significant discoveries ⑤ informing students of a new field of science

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밑줄 친 “a link in a chain, a phase in a process”가

다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?57)

Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the common idea of a creative individual coming up with great insights, discoveries, works, or inventions in isolation is wrong. Creativity results from a complex interaction between a person and his or her environment or culture, and also depends on timing. For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo had been born only 50 years before they were, the culture of artistic patronage would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements. Consider also individual astronomers: Their discoveries could not have happened unless centuries of technological development of the telescope and evolving knowledge of the universe had come before them. Csikszentmihalyi’s point is that we should devote as much attention to the development of a domain as we do to the people working within it, as only this can properly explain how advances are made. Individuals are only “a link in a chain, a phase in a process,” he notes. * patronage: 보호, 후원, 찬조 ① Individuals’ creativity results only from good fortune. ② Discoveries can be made only due to existing knowledge. ③ One’s genius is a key element of a series of breakthroughs. ④ Individuals receive no credit for their creative achievements. ⑤ Individual creativity emerges only in its necessary conditions.

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다음 글에서 밑줄 친 None이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절

한 것은?58)

Here’s an interesting thought. If glaciers started re-forming, they have a great deal more water now to draw on — Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes, the hundreds of thousands of lakes of Canada, none of which existed to fuel the last ice sheet — so they would grow very much quicker. And if they did start to advance again, what exactly would we do? Blast them with TNT or maybe nuclear missiles? Well, doubtless we would, but consider this. In 1964, the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America rocked Alaska with 200,000 megatons of concentrated might, the equivalent of 2,000 nuclear bombs. Almost 3,000 miles away in Texas, water sloshed out of swimming pools. A street in Anchorage fell twenty feet. The quake devastated 24,000 square miles of wilderness, much of it glaciated. And what effect did all this might have on Alaska’s glaciers? None. * slosh: 철벅철벅 튀다 ** devastate: 황폐시키다 ① It would be of no use to try to destroy glaciers. ② The melting glaciers would drive the rise of the sea level. ③ The Alaskan wilderness would not be harmed by glaciers. ④ Re-forming glaciers would not spread over North America. ⑤ The causes of glacier re-formation would not include quakes.

Unit 04. 빈칸추론 (앞/중간/뒤) 대표 기출 적용 빈칸이 앞

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The true champion recognizes that excellence often flows most smoothly from , a fact that can get lost in these high-tech days. I used to train with a world-class runner who was constantly hooking himself up to pulse meters and pace keepers. He spent hours collecting data that he thought would help him improve. In fact, a good 25 percent of his athletic time was devoted to externals other than working out. Sports became so complex for him that he forgot how to enjoy himself. Contrast his approach with that of the late Abebe Bikila, the Ethiopian who won the 1960 Olympic Marathon running barefoot.

유형 해결 전략

STEP 1 빈칸 문장과 선택지 훑어 보기 진정한 챔피언은 탁월함이 ‘무엇’에 서 흘러나온다고 알고 있는지 찾아야 한다.

STEP 2 글의 핵심 내용 파악하기 첨단 장비를 동원하여 훈련하는 달리기 선수와, 단순하게 달리기만 했던 Abebe 의 운동에 대한 접근 방식을 대조시켜 단순함의 이점을 말하고 있다.

STEP 3 핵심 어구 또는 의미상 반복되 는 표현 찾기 high-tech days, hooking himself ~, High-tech clothing and digital watches were not part of his world. Sports became ~ 등 복잡함과 관련된 Abebe Bikila simply ran. Many times in running, and in other areas of 표현들과, simply ran, less is more등 단 life, less is more. 순함과 관련된 표현들이 반복 기출되었 다.

① talent ② patience ③ simplicity ④ generosity ⑤ confidence

STEP 4 오답 피하기 복잡한 훈련은 하는 선수와, 단순하게 달리기만 한 Abebe의 달리기에 대한 접 근 방식의 차이를 통해 탁월함이 어디 서 나오는지 묻고 있으므로, 단순하게 달리기만 했다는 일부 내용에 치중해서 ②를 답으로 생각해서는 안 된다.

Empathy is a character trait that we value in ourselves and in our friends, colleagues, and the professionals who serve us. The knowhow to be empathetic is central to practical wisdom: unless we can understand how others think and feel, it’s difficult to know the right thing to do. But empathy has its dark side: too much understanding

① cannot correctly identify the flavor ② will not favor the grape-flavored candy ③ can clearly sense the difference in flavor ④ will be instantly attracted to the grape flavor ⑤ will enjoy the subtle difference between them

다.

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 빈칸이 뒤

STEP 4 오답 피하기 노란색 사탕이 포도 맛이 나느 경우, 이 맛을 잘 느낄 수 있다고 일반적으로 생 각할 수 있지만, 시각이 너무 발달되어 다른 감각이 전하는 정보는 종종 무시 된다는 것이 이 글의 내용이므로 ③은 답이 될 수 없다.

One telling difference between American and Asian culture emerged when people described . When you ask Americans to give a percent figure that estimates how much each member of a team contributes to the overall effort, the total is almost always greater than 100 percent. People overestimate how much weight they pull. But in Asia, the reverse was true. People underestimated their contributions, so the total for the group was usually less than 100 percent. Such thinking is part of the way people in a collective culture preserve harmony within their group. Studies in China, for example, show that people who are modest about their successes are better liked than those who take pride in them.

① the reason for doing their best ② the definition of personal success ③ what they pursue and don’t pursue ④ their contributions to a group project ⑤ how hard they usually work in a day

Do you know that in the automobile business, as in other money-related industries, ? I remember the first time I went to a car dealership to buy a car. My dad had warned me about what to expect, but still I wasn’t completely prepared. I remember discussing a particular car with the salesman. When he finally told me the price, I said, “Sorry, I can’t afford it,” and got up to leave. He called me back into the office, asked me to sit down while he talked to his boss. A few minutes later he came back with a lower price. Still, I couldn’t. He left again and soon came back with another offer: they would give me a larger trade-in on my old car, thus lowering the price. I finally ended up paying much less than the price that was originally given.

① you should visit the largest place ② the more you pay, the more you get ③ to be a good salesperson needs courage ④ too much talking with a salesman isn’t good ⑤ the asking price isn’t always the selling price

When we say someone is “perceptive” or “intuitive” about people, we are unknowingly referring to their ability to read another person’s body language and to compare these cues with verbal signals. When we say that we have a “sudden hunch” that someone has told us a lie, it usually means that . Suppose, for example, you discuss an important business matter with someone. Your partner says that your offer sounds very attractive while he is sitting back in his seat with his chin down and arms crossed on his chest. If you’re “perceptive,” you will get a feeling that your suggestion is not appealing. You would realize that you needed to take a different approach to gain his interest.

① their verbal signals are hard to understand ② it is quite difficult to change their bad habit ③ the sudden hunch about him is sometimes wrong ④ their body language and spoken words don’t agree ⑤ someday what they said will cause a lot of trouble

*hunch: 예감, 직감

A photographer I met traveled all over the world, doing expensive location shoots for big clients. He shared with me how he solved a problem when clients didn’t like the end result although he always did his best to give them what they had asked for. It did no good to become defensive or argue with them, even though he had followed their specifications perfectly. Instead, he eventually learned that he had to . He used to say to clients who didn’t like his work, “So let me see if I’ve got this right. You want more of this and less of that? Correct? Okay, I’ll go reshoot it and bring it back so you can see if you like it.” In other words, he learned to argue less with people who were paying the bills and to listen more.

① persuade them to like his final photographs ② introduce a good photographer to replace him ③ change the shooting place as often as possible ④ adjust to their feedback until they were satisfied ⑤ insist on the original purpose when they met together

A baby elephant is trained at birth to be restricted to a very small space. Its trainer will tie its leg with a rope to a wooden post planted deep in the ground. This restricts it to an area determined by the length of the rope. Although the baby elephant will initially try to break the rope, it is too strong, and so the baby elephant learns that it can’t break the rope. It learns that it has to stay in the area defined by the length of the rope. Although the elephant grows up into a 5-ton giant that could easily break the same rope, it doesn’t even try because it learned as a baby that it couldn’t break the rope. In this way, the largest elephant can .

① get over the fear it felt ② be brighter than before ③ make friends with a trainer ④ be confined by the little rope ⑤ learn to respect other elephants

Andre-Francois Raffray would pay a ninety-old woman $500 a month until she died, then move into her grand apartment in Arles. But in December 1994, it was Raffray who died, having paid more than $184,000 for an apartment in which he never had the opportunity to live. Raffray, seventy-seven when he died, had the misfortune of arranging the deal with Jeanne Calment, 121, now listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world’s oldest person. Raffray’s widow is obligated to keep on sending money, and should Calment outlive her, Raffray’s children will have to pay as well. Buying apartments in this fashion, called “en viager,” or “or life” is common in France. The elderly owner enjoys a monthly income from the buyer, who in return gets a real-estate bargain — provided .

① finds a new apartment to stay in ② passes away sooner rather than later ③ keeps her apartment maintained properly ④ gets familiar with the buyer and his family ⑤ saves enough money to purchase an apartment

*en viager (프랑스어) 종신 연금

빈칸의 위치

앞

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?59)

People unknowingly sabotage their own work when they withhold help or information from others or try to undermine them lest they become more successful or get more credit than “me.” ______________ is alien to the ego, except when there is a secondary motive. The ego doesn’t know that the more you include others, the more smoothly things flow and the more easily things come to you. When you give little or no help to others or put obstacles in their path, the universe ― in the form of people and circumstances ― gives little or no help to you because you have cut yourself off from the whole. The ego’s unconscious core feeling of “not enough” causes it to react to someone else’s success as if that success had taken something away from “me.” It

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① the memory functions of our brain wear out with age ② the richness of experiences relies on intellectual capacity ③ the information storage system in our mind runs restlessly ④ the temporal context of an event pulls our emotions awake ⑤ the size of a memory and our perception of time are coupled

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?61)

The designer in the Age of Algorithms poses a threat to doesn’t know that your resentment of another person’s American jurisprudence because the algorithm is only as good success curtails your own chances of success. In order to as ________________________. The person designing the attract success, you need to welcome it wherever you see it. algorithm may be an excellent software engineer, but without *sabotage: 방해하다 **curtail: 줄이다 the knowledge of all the factors that need to go into an algorithmic process, the engineer could unknowingly produce ① Patience an algorithm whose decisions are at best incomplete and at ② Rationality worst discriminatory and unfair. Compounding the problem, an ③ Independence algorithm design firm might be under contract to design ④ Competition algorithms for a wide range of uses, from determining which ⑤ Cooperation patients awaiting transplants are chosen to receive organs, to which criminals facing sentencing should be given probation or the maximum sentence. That firm is not going to be staffed with subject matter experts who know what questions each algorithm needs to address, what databases the algorithm should use to collect its data, and what pitfalls the algorithm needs to avoid in churning out decisions. *jurisprudence: 법체계 **probation: 집행 유예 ***churn out: 잇달아 내다

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?60)

Science shows that __________________________________ like gear teeth in a bicycle chain. Rich and novel experiences, like the recollections of the summers of our youth, have lots of new information associated with them. During those hot days, we learned how to swim or traveled to new places or mastered riding a bike without training wheels. The days went by slowly with those adventures. Yet, our adult lives have less novelty and newness, and are full of repeated tasks such as commuting or sending email or doing paperwork. The -34-

① the amount of data that the public can access ② its capacity to teach itself to reach the best decisions ③ its potential to create a lasting profit for the algorithm users ④ the functionality of the hardware the designing company operates ⑤ the designer’s understanding of the intended use of the algorithm

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?62)

Psychologists and neuroscientists warn that when we rely on

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?64)

Even as mundane a behavior as watching TV may be a technology to perform tasks such as navigation for us, way for some people to _____________________. To test this __________________________________ as we become idea, Sophia Moskalenko and Steven Heine gave participants immersed instead in an abstract, computerized world. Studies false feedback about their test performance, and then seated show that we tend to place too much faith in the accuracy of each one in front of a TV set to watch a video as the next information from computer monitors, and to ignore or discount part of the study. When the video came on, showing nature information from our own eyes and ears, an effect that has scenes with a musical soundtrack, the experimenter exclaimed caused pilots to crash planes and GPS­following tourists to that this was the wrong video and went supposedly to get drive into the sea. A team led by the British neuroscientist the correct one, leaving the participant alone as the video Hugo Spiers found in 2017 that areas of the brain normally played. The participants who had received failure feedback involved in navigation just don’t engage when people use watched the video much longer than those who thought they GPS. “When we have technology telling us which way to had succeeded. The researchers concluded that distraction go,” said Spiers, “these parts of the brain simply don’t through television viewing can effectively relieve the discomfort respond to the street network. In that sense our brain has associated with painful failures or mismatches between the switched off its interest in the streets around us.” ① we analyze information too thoroughly ② our awareness of our physical environment fades ③ our knowledge of the real world is not shared with others ④ our ability to emotionally connect to others is lost ⑤ unskilled manual labor is not appreciated

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?63)

When examining the archaeological record of human culture, one has to consider that it is vastly ______________. Many

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self and self-guides. In contrast, successful participants had little wish to be distracted from their self-related thoughts. *mundane: 보통의 ① ignore uncomfortable comments from their close peers ② escape painful self-awareness through distraction ③ receive constructive feedback from the media ④ refocus their divided attention to a given task ⑤ engage themselves in intense self-reflection

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?65)

Enabling animals to __________________________________ is aspects of human culture have what archaeologists describe an almost universal function of learning. Most animals innately as low archaeological visibility, meaning they are difficult to avoid objects they have not previously encountered. Unfamiliar identify archaeologically. Archaeologists tend to focus on objects may be dangerous; treating them with caution has tangible (or material) aspects of culture: things that can be survival value. If persisted in, however, such careful behavior handled and photographed, such as tools, food, and could interfere with feeding and other necessary activities to structures. Reconstructing intangible aspects of culture is more the extent that the benefit of caution would be lost. A turtle difficult, requiring that one draw more inferences from the that withdraws into its shell at every puff of wind or tangible. It is relatively easy, for example, for archaeologists to whenever a cloud casts a shadow would never win races, not identify and draw inferences about technology and diet from even with a lazy rabbit. To overcome this problem, almost all stone tools and food remains. Using the same kinds of animals habituate to safe stimuli that occur frequently. physical remains to draw inferences about social systems and Confronted by a strange object, an inexperienced animal may what people were thinking about is more difficult. freeze or attempt to hide, but if nothing unpleasant happens, Archaeologists do it, but there are necessarily more inferences sooner or later it will continue its activity. The possibility also involved in getting from physical remains recognized as trash exists that an unfamiliar object may be useful, so if it poses to making interpretations about belief systems. *archaeological: 고고학의 ① outdated ② factual③ incomplete ④ organized ⑤ detailed

no immediate threat, a closer inspection may be worthwhile. *innately: 선천적으로 ① weigh the benefits of treating familiar things with care ② plan escape routes after predicting possible attacks ③ overcome repeated feeding failures for survival ④ operate in the presence of harmless stimuli ⑤ monitor the surrounding area regularly

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?66)

Like faces, sometimes movement can _____________

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?68)

If you are unconvinced that _______________________ ______________________________. For example, toys that _________________________________, consider the example of seem to come alive fascinate children. In my day, one of the the “flying horse.” Depictions of galloping horses from popular toys was a piece of finely coiled wire called a prehistoric times up until the mid‑1800s typically showed “Slinky.” It could appear to walk by stretching and lifting horses’ legs splayed while galloping, that is, the front legs up one end over another down an incline, a bit like an reaching far ahead as the hind legs stretched far behind. acrobatic caterpillar. The attraction of the Slinky on Christmas People just “knew” that’s how horses galloped, and that Day was the lifelike movement it had as it stepped down the is how they “saw” them galloping. Cavemen saw them this stairs before someone trod on it or twisted the spring and way, Aristotle saw them this way, and so did Victorian gentry. ruined it for good. Toys that appear to be alive are curiosities But all of that ended when, in 1878, Eadweard Muybridge because they challenge how we think inanimate objects and published a set of twelve pictures he had taken of a living things should behave. Many toys today exploit this galloping horse in the space of less than half a second using principle to great effect, but be warned: not all babies enjoy twelve cameras hooked to wire triggers. Muybridge’s photos objects that suddenly seem lifelike. This anxiety probably showed clearly that a horse goes completely airborne in the reflects their confusion over the question, “Is it alive or third step of the gallop with its legs collected beneath it, not what?” Once babies decide that something is alive, they are splayed. It is called the moment of suspension. Now even inclined to see its movements as purposeful. *incline: 경사면 **acrobatic: 곡예를 부리는 ① fool us into thinking that something has a mind ② help us release and process certain feelings ③ shift our energy and protective mechanisms ④ secretly unlock emotions that words cannot ⑤ create a definite sense of achievement

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?67)

News, especially in its televised form, is constituted not only by its choice of topics and stories but by its _____________________________________. Presentational styles have been subject to a tension between an informational-educational purpose and the need to engage us entertainingly. While current affairs programmes are often ‘serious’ in tone sticking to the ‘rules’ of balance, more

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kids draw horses galloping this way. *gallop: 질주(하다) **splay: 벌리다 ***gentry: 상류층 ① our beliefs influence how we interpret facts ② what we see is an illusion of our past memories ③ even photographs can lead to a wrong visual perception ④ there is no standard by which we can judge good or bad ⑤ we adhere to our intuition in spite of irresistible evidence

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?69)

Not only was Eurasia by chance blessed with biological abundance, but the very ______________ of the continent greatly promoted the spread of crops between distant regions. When the supercontinent Pangea fragmented, it was torn apart along rifts that just so happened to leave Eurasia as a popular programmes adopt a friendly, lighter, idiom in which broad landmass running in an east-west direction — the entire continent stretches more than a third of the way around the we are invited to consider the impact of particular news items from the perspective of the ‘average person in the street’. world, but mostly within a relatively narrow range of latitudes. As it is the latitude on the Earth that largely determines the Indeed, contemporary news construction has come to rely on climate and length of the growing season, crops domesticated an increased use of faster editing tempos and ‘flashier’ presentational styles including the use of logos, sound-bites, in one part of Eurasia can be transplanted across the continent with only minimal need for adaptation to the new rapid visual cuts and the ‘star quality’ of news readers. locale. Thus wheat cultivation spread readily from the uplands Popular formats can be said to enhance understanding by of Turkey throughout Mesopotamia, to Europe, and all the engaging an audience unwilling to endure the longer verbal way round to India, for example. The twin continents of the orientation of older news formats. However, they arguably work to reduce understanding by failing to provide the Americas, by contrast, lie in a north-south direction. Here, the spreading of crops originally domesticated in one region to structural contexts for news events. another led to a much harder process of re-adapting the plant species to different growing conditions. ① coordination with traditional display techniques *fragment: 조각나다 **rift: 갈라진 틈 ② prompt and full coverage of the latest issues ③ educational media contents favoured by producers ① isolation ④ commitment to long-lasting news standards ⑤ verbal and visual idioms or modes of address -36-

② orientation ③ diversity ④ conservation ⑤ instability

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?70)

Much of what we call political risk is in fact _________________. This applies to all types of political risks, from civil strife to expropriations to regulatory changes. Political risk, unlike credit or market or operational risk, can be unsystematic and therefore more difficult to address in classic statistical terms. What is the probability that terrorists will attack the United States again? Unlike earthquakes or hurricanes, political actors constantly adapt to overcome the barriers created by risk managers. When corporations structure foreign investments to mitigate risks of expropriations, through international guarantees or legal contracts, host governments seek out new forms of obstruction, such as creeping expropriation or regulatory discrimination, that are very hard and legally costly to prove. Observation of a risk changes the risk itself. There are ways to mitigate high‑impact, low‑probability events. But analysis of these risks can be as much art as science. *expropriation: 몰수 **mitigate: 줄이다 ① injustice ③ circularity ⑤ miscommunication

② uncertainty ④ contradiction

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.71)

A commonality between conceptual and computer art was __________________________________. Conceptual artists decoupled the relationship between the art object and artist by mitigating all personal signs of invention. The artist became detached from the idea of personalized draftsmanship by installing a predetermined system — a type of instruction for another to follow. That way there was, as Sol LeWitt states, no “dependence on the skill of the artist as a craftsman.” Effectively any person could carry out the instructions. The same process was at work in computer art, where artists devised a predetermined drawing algorithm for the computer automaton to carry out the instruction. The human agent initiated the conceptual form, and a machine actuated it. Likewise, the computer artwork lacked any autographic mark, trace of spontaneity, or artistic authenticity. The plotter arm would replace the human arm in the production process. *mitigate: 완화하다 **actuate: 작동시키다 ***plotter: 플로터(데이터를 도면화하는 출력 장치) ① the suppression of authorial presence ② the rejection of meaningless repetition ③ the elevation of ordinary objects to art ④ the preference of simplicity to elaboration ⑤ the tendency of artists to work in collaboration

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오.72)

① replace ④ analyze

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② imagine ⑤ imitate

③ predict

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.73)

In Hegel’s philosophy, even though there is interaction and interrelation between the universal and the individual, __________________________________. For Hegel, individuals are not distinguished in terms of Reason. In Philosophy of Right Hegel stresses particularity and universality as follows: “A man, who acts perversely, exhibits particularity. The rational is the highway on which everyone travels, and no one is specially marked.” Here, Hegel maintains that individuals can be differentiated from each other in terms of their acts but they are not differentiated with respect to reason. There are specific thoughts, but they are finally resolved into the universal. One might say that Hegel seems to focus on the individual like Aristotle but in reality, he subtly treats the universal as fundamental whereas Aristotle considers the individual as primary substance and universal as secondary substance; in so doing Aristotle emphasizes the universal to be subordinate to the individual in contrast to Hegel. *perversely: 별나게 ① an individual stands alone apart from the universe ② the universal still has more priority than the individual ③ universal truth cannot be the key to individual problems ④ individuals can’t deduce universal principles from reality itself ⑤ every individual should have his or her own particular universe

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오.74)

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.75)

Running a business that sells goods and services to Prior to photography, _______________________________. consumers requires getting to know the products they like. While painters have always lifted particular places out of their More than that, however, you want to ‘dwelling’ and transported them elsewhere, paintings were ________________________________________________. In time-consuming to produce, relatively difficult to transport and traditional or online sales, people are bound to favorably one-of-a-kind. The multiplication of photographs especially took regard the vendor and product that they could easily inquire place with the introduction of the half-tone plate in the 1880s about and quickly acquire in good order. Using the product that made possible the mechanical reproduction of can increase or decrease their satisfaction, and they will photographs in newspapers, periodicals, books and remember to repurchase products that meet and exceed their advertisements. Photography became coupled to consumer expectations. Traditional stores make the shopping experience capitalism and the globe was now offered ‘in limitless pleasant by their displays and personal service. Internet quantities, figures, landscapes, events which had not retailers lead buyers to products they want through speedy previously been utilised either at all, or only as pictures for searches and clicks. A new online selling method that can one customer’. With capitalism’s arrangement of the world generate millions of dollars in purchases within a few minutes as a ‘department store’, ‘the proliferation and circulation is livestream selling. That’s when hosts streaming their of representations … achieved a spectacular and virtually shows live demonstrate a product and even interactively inescapable global magnitude’. Gradually photographs receive comments and answer questions from their viewers became cheap mass-produced objects that made the world through the power of social media. If they like the product, visible, aesthetic and desirable. Experiences were they buy it immediately through an e-commerce feature on ‘democratised’ by translating them into cheap images. the platform. Buyers say that the experience is so convenient, Light, small and mass-produced photographs became dynamic it is like talking to a friend. vehicles for the spatiotemporal circulation of places. *proliferation: 확산 **magnitude: (큰) 규모 ① provide rare items that can draw others’ eyes ***aesthetic: 미적인 ② maximize the profit through competitive incentives ③ link positive experiences to the products they purchase ① paintings alone connected with nature ④ examine the current state of digital marketing technologies ② painting was the major form of art ⑤ convince yourself the product is a must-have in their lives ③ art held up a mirror to the world ④ desire for travel was not strong ⑤ places did not travel well

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?76)

While early clocks marked only the hour or quarter-hour, by

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?77)

Gordon Allport argued that history records many individuals 1700 most clocks had acquired minute hands, and by 1800 who were not content with an existence that offered them second hands were standard. This unprecedented ability to little variety, a lack of psychic tension, and minimal challenge. measure

time

precisely Allport considers it normal to be pulled forward by a vision of _________________________________________, which became the future that awakened within persons their drive to a prime weapon of the Industrial Revolution. As the historian _______________________. He suggests that people possess a of technology Lewis Mumford argued, “the clock, not the need to invent motives and purposes that would consume steam engine, is the key-machine of the modern industrial their inner energies. Similarly, Erich Fromm proposed a need age.” Soon factory workers were clocking in, filling out on the part of humans to rise above the roles of passive timesheets, and being punished for lateness. With time sliced creatures in an accidental if not random world. To him, into smaller and smaller periods, business owners could humans are driven to transcend the state of merely having measure the speed of their workers down to the second, and been created; instead, humans seek to become the creators, gradually increase the pace of the production line. Workers the active shapers of their own destiny. Rising above the who tried to reject this strict control by “going slow” were passive and accidental nature of existence, humans generate swiftly fired. The cruel power of the clock fed the growing their own purposes and thereby provide themselves with a culture of utilitarian efficiency, so brilliantly depicted by Charles true basis of freedom. *transcend: 초월하다 Dickens in his 1854 novel Hard Times, where the office of Mr. Gradgrind contained “a deadly statistical clock in it, which ① alter the course of their lives measured every second with a beat like a rap upon a ② possess more than other people coffin-lid.” ③ suppress their negative emotions *rap: 두드림 **coffin-lid: 관 뚜껑 ④ sacrifice themselves for noble causes ① allowed workers to climb up the ladder of social class ② liberated workers but imprisoned employers in a time trap ③ found its most authoritarian expression in the factory clock ④ veiled the violent nature and the discipline of measured time ⑤ paved the way for workers to control manufacturing machines Elinor Ostrom found that there are several factors critical to bringing about stable institutional solutions to the problem of the commons. She pointed out, for instance, that the actors affected by the rules for the use and care of resources must have the right to ______________________________. For that reason, the people who monitor and control the behavior of users should also be users and/or have been given a mandate by all users. This is a significant insight, as it shows that prospects are poor for a centrally directed solution to the problem of the commons coming from a state power in comparison with a local solution for which users assume personal responsibility. Ostrom also emphasizes the importance of democratic decision processes and that all users must be given access to local forums for solving problems and conflicts among themselves. Political institutions at central, regional, and local levels must allow users to devise their own regulations and independently ensure observance. *commons: 공유지 **mandate: 위임

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⑤ show admiration for supernatural power

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?78)

① participate in decisions to change the rules ② claim individual ownership of the resources ③ use those resources to maximize their profits ④ demand free access to the communal resources ⑤ request proper distribution based on their merits

중간

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?79)

The history of perspective in Western painting matters because of what it reveals for the art of living. Just as most artists conform to the stylistic conventions of the era into which they are born, we similarly conform to prevailing social conventions about how to live. These unwritten rules typically include getting married and having children, owning your own home and having a mortgage, having a regular job and commuting to work, and flying abroad for holidays. For some people these are realities, for others they remain aspirations. It is common to ________________________________. At this point in Western history, they are amongst the dominant conventions that most of us have accepted with little questioning, much as Vermeer and other Dutch baroque painters of the seventeenth century accepted linear perspective without question. It is difficult to see beyond the limitations of the culture that has shaped our ways of looking at the world and at ourselves. We are trapped in the perspective of our own time. *mortgage: 담보 대출 ① distinguish them from ideas and wishes ② feel social pressure to comply with them ③ apply them to create inspirational artworks ④ ignore them on account of their complexity ⑤ have an objection to being controlled by them

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?80)

The critic who wants to write about literature from a formalist perspective must first be a close and careful reader who examines all the elements of a text individually and questions how they come together to create a work of art. Such a reader, who respects the autonomy of a work, achieves an understanding of it by _______________________________. Instead of examining historical periods, author biographies, or literary styles, for example, he or she will approach a text with the assumption that it is a self-contained entity and that he or she is looking for the governing principles that allow the text to reveal itself. For example, the correspondences between the characters in James Joyce’s short story “Araby” and the people he knew personally may be interesting, but for the formalist they

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① putting himself or herself both inside and outside it ② finding a middle ground between it and the world ③ searching for historical realities revealed within it ④ looking inside it, not outside it or beyond it ⑤ exploring its characters’ cultural relevance

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?81)

Manufacturers design their innovation processes around the way they think the process works. The vast majority of manufacturers still think that product development and service development are always done by manufacturers, and that their job is always to find a need and fill it rather than to sometimes find and commercialize an innovation that ______________________________________.

Accordingly, manufacturers have set up market-research departments to explore the needs of users in the target market, product-development groups to think up suitable products to address those needs, and so forth. The needs and prototype solutions of lead users — if encountered at all — are typically rejected as outliers of no interest. Indeed, when lead users’ innovations do enter a firm’s product line — and they have been shown to be the actual source of many major innovations for many firms — they typically arrive with a lag and by an unusual and unsystematic route. *lag: 지연 ① lead users tended to overlook ② lead users have already developed ③ lead users encountered in the market ④ other firms frequently put into use ⑤ both users and firms have valued

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?82)

Development can get very complicated and fanciful. A fugue

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?84)

Infants’ preference for looking at new things is so strong by Johann Sebastian Bach illustrates how far this process that psychologists began to realize that they could use it as a could go, when a single melodic line, sometimes just a test of infants’ visual discrimination, and even their memory. handful of notes, was all that the composer needed to create Could an infant tell the difference between two similar a brilliant work containing lots of intricate development within images? Between two similar shades of the same color? a coherent structure. Ludwig van Beethoven’s famous Fifth Could an infant recall having seen something an hour, a day, Symphony provides an exceptional example of how much a week ago? _______________________ held the answer. If mileage a classical composer can get out of a few notes and the infant’s gaze lingered, it suggested that the infant could a simple rhythmic tapping. The opening da-da-da-DUM that tell that a similar image was nonetheless different in some everyone has heard somewhere or another way. If the infant, after a week without seeing an image, ________________________________ throughout not only the didn’t look at it much when it was shown again, the infant opening movement, but the remaining three movements, like must be able at some level to remember having seen it the a kind of motto or a connective thread. Just as we don’t week before. In most cases, the results revealed that infants always see the intricate brushwork that goes into the creation were more cognitively capable earlier than had been of a painting, we may not always notice how Beethoven previously assumed. The visual novelty drive became, indeed, keeps finding fresh uses for his motto or how he develops one of the most powerful tools in psychologists’ toolkit, his material into a large, cohesive statement. But a lot of the unlocking a host of deeper insights into the capacities of the enjoyment we get from that mighty symphony stems from the infant mind. inventiveness behind it, the impressive development of musical ideas. *intricate: 복잡한 **coherent: 통일성 있는 ① makes the composer’s musical ideas contradictory ② appears in an incredible variety of ways ③ provides extensive musical knowledge creatively ④ remains fairly calm within the structure ⑤ becomes deeply associated with one’s own enjoyment

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① Memory distortion in infancy ② Undeveloped vision of newborns ③ The preference for social interaction ④ The inbuilt attraction to novel images ⑤ Infants’ communication skills with parents

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?85)

Neither Einstein’s relativity nor Bach’s fugues are such stuff as survival is made on. Yet each is a perfect example of human capacities that were essential to our having prevailed. The link between scientific aptitude and solving real-world challenges may be more apparent, but minds that reason with analogy and metaphor, minds that represent with color There is a difference between a newsworthy event and and texture, minds that imagine with melody and rhythm are news. A newsworthy event will not necessarily become news, minds that

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?83)

________________________ just as news is often about an event that is not, in itself, __________________________. Which is all just to say that the newsworthy. We can define news as an event that is arts may well have been vital for developing the flexibility of recorded in the news media, regardless of whether it is about thought and fluency of intuition that our relatives needed to a newsworthy event. The very fact of its transmission means fashion the spear, to invent cooking, to harness the wheel, that it is regarded as news, even if we struggle to and, later, to write the Mass in B Minor and, later still, to understand why that particular story has been selected from crack our rigid perspective on space and time. Across all the other events happening at the same time that have hundreds of thousands of years, artistic endeavors may have been ignored. News selection is ______________ so not all been the playground of human cognition, providing a safe events seen as newsworthy by some people will make it to arena for training our imaginative capacities and infusing the news. All journalists are familiar with the scenario where them with a potent faculty for innovation. they are approached by someone with the words ‘I’ve got *fugue: 서곡 **the Mass in B Minor: B 단조 미사곡 a great story for you’. For them, it is a major news event, but for the journalist it might be something to ignore. ① subjective ② passive ③ straightforward ④ consistent ⑤ crucial

① divert imagination away from innovation ② cultivate a more flourishing cognitive landscape ③ keep humans from developing intellectual capacities ④ exclude morality from scientific decision making ⑤ define a boundary between art and science

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.86)

People have always needed to eat, and they always will. Rising emphasis on self-expression values does not put an end to material desires. But prevailing economic orientations are gradually being reshaped. People who work in the knowledge sector continue to seek high salaries, but they place equal or greater emphasis on doing stimulating work and being able to follow their own time schedules. Consumption is becoming progressively less determined by the need for sustenance and the practical use of the goods consumed. People still eat, but a growing component of food’s value is determined by its _______________ aspects. People pay a premium to eat exotic cuisines that provide an interesting experience or that symbolize a distinctive life-style. The publics of postindustrial societies place growing emphasis on “political consumerism,” such as boycotting goods whose production violates ecological or ethical standards. Consumption is less and less a matter of sustenance and more and more a question of life-style ― and choice. *prevail: 우세하다 **cuisine: 요리

① quantitative ② nonmaterial ③ nutritional ④ invariable ⑤ economic

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시

오.87)

In labor-sharing groups, people contribute labor to other people on a regular basis (for seasonal agricultural work such as harvesting) or on an irregular basis (in the event of a crisis such as the need to rebuild a barn damaged by fire).

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오.88)

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오.89)

Innate behaviors used for finding food, such as grazing, scavenging, or hunting, are more dependent on learning than behaviors used to consume food. Mating, nesting, eating, and prey-killing behaviors tend to be governed more by instinct. The greater dependence on learning to find food makes animals in the wild __________________________________. Behaviors used to kill or consume food can be the same in any environment. Ernst Mayr, an evolutionary biologist, called these different behavioral systems “open” or “closed” to the effects of experience. A lion hunting her prey is an example of an open system. The hunting female lion recognizes her prey from a distance and approaches it carefully. Charles Herrick, a neurobiologist, wrote, “the details of the hunt vary every time she hunts. Therefore no combination of simple reflex arcs laid down in the nervous system will be adequate to meet the infinite variations of the requirements for obtaining food.” *scavenge: 동물의 사체를 찾아 다니다 **reflex arc: 반사궁(충격이 통과하여 반사를 형성하는 신경 경로)

① less cooperative with others in their community ② less focused on monitoring predators’ approaches ③ more intelligent to build their natural surroundings ④ more sensitive to visual information than any other stimuli ⑤ more flexible and able to adapt to a variety of environments

In the post-World War II years after 1945, unparalleled Labor sharing groups are part of what has been called a economic growth fueled a building boom and a massive “moral economy” since no one keeps formal records on migration from the central cities to the new suburban areas. how much any family puts in or takes out. Instead, The suburbs were far more dependent on the automobile, accounting is __________________________. The group has a signaling the shift from primary dependence on public sense of moral community based on years of trust and transportation to private cars. Soon this led to the construction sharing. In a certain community of North America, labor of better highways and freeways and the decline and even sharing is a major economic factor of social cohesion. When loss of public transportation. With all of these changes came a family needs a new barn or faces repair work that requires a ______________ of leisure. As more people owned their group labor, a barn-raising party is called. Many families own homes, with more space inside and lovely yards outside, show up to help. Adult men provide manual labor, and adult their recreation and leisure time was increasingly centered women provide food for the event. Later, when another family around the home or, at most, the neighborhood. One major needs help, they call on the same people. activity of this home-based leisure was watching television. No *cohesion: 응집성 longer did one have to ride the trolly to the theater to watch a movie; similar entertainment was available for free and ① legally established more conveniently from television. ② regularly reported *unparalleled: 유례없는 ③ socially regulated ④ manually calculated ① downfall ⑤ carefully documented

② uniformity ③ restoration ④ privatization ⑤ customization

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오.90)

Many people create and share pictures and videos on the

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오.92)

Everyone who drives, walks, or swipes a transit card in a Internet. The difficulty is finding what you want. Typically, city views herself as a transportation expert from the moment people want to search using words (rather than, say, example she walks out the front door. And how she views the street sketches). Because most pictures don’t come with words ________________ __________________________________. attached, it is natural to try and build tagging systems that That’s why we find so many well-intentioned and tag images with relevant words. The underlying machinery is civic-minded citizens arguing past one another. At straightforward — we apply image classification and object neighborhood meetings in school auditoriums, and in back detection methods and tag the image with the output words. rooms at libraries and churches, local residents across the But

tags

aren’t nation gather for often-contentious discussions about ______________________________________________. It matters transportation proposals that would change a city’s streets. who is doing what, and tags don’t capture this. For And like all politics, all transportation is local and intensely example, tagging a picture of a cat in the street with the personal. A transit project that could speed travel for tens of object categories “cat”, “street”, “trash can” and thousands of people can be stopped by objections to the loss “fish bones” leaves out the information that the cat is of a few parking spaces or by the simple fear that the pulling the fish bones out of an open trash can on the street.

project won’t work. It’s not a challenge of the data or the traffic engineering or the planning. Public debates about ① a set of words that allow users to identify an individual streets are typically rooted in emotional assumptions about object

how a change will affect a person’s commute, ability to ② a comprehensive description of what is happening in an park, belief about what is safe and what isn’t, or the image ③ a reliable resource for categorizing information by pictures ④ a primary means of organizing a sequential order of words ⑤ a useful filter for sorting similar but not identical images ① relies heavily on how others see her city’s streets ② updates itself with each new public transit policy ③ arises independently of the streets she travels on ④ tracks pretty closely with how she gets around ⑤ ties firmly in with how her city operates

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?91)

Ecological health depends on keeping the surface of the earth rich in humus and minerals so that it can provide a foundation for healthy plant and animal life. The situation is disrupted if the soil loses these raw materials or if ______________________ ___________________________. When man goes beneath the surface of the earth and drags out minerals or other compounds that did not evolve as part of this system, then problems follow. The mining of lead and cadmium are examples of this. Petroleum is also a substance that has been dug out of the bowels of the earth and introduced into the surface ecology by man. Though it is formed from plant matter, the highly reduced carbon compounds that result are often toxic to living protoplasm. In some cases this is true of even very tiny amounts, as in the case of “polychlorinated biphenyls,” a petroleum product which can cause cancer. *humus: 부식토, 부엽토 **protoplasm: 원형질

① the number of plants on it increases too rapidly ② it stops providing enough nourishment for humans ③ climate change transforms its chemical components ④ alien species prevail and deplete resources around it ⑤ great quantities of contaminants are introduced into it

bottom line of a local business. *swipe: 판독기에 통과시키다 **contentious: 논쟁적인 ***commute: 통근

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?93)

Some of the most insightful work on information seeking emphasizes “strategic self-ignorance,” understood as “the use of ignorance as an excuse to engage excessively in pleasurable activities that may be harmful to one’s future self.” The idea here is that if people are present-biased, they might avoid information that would ________________________ ― perhaps because it would produce guilt or shame, perhaps because it would suggest an aggregate trade-off that would counsel against engaging in such activities. St. Augustine famously said, “God give me chastity ― tomorrow.” Present-biased agents think: “Please let me know the risks ― tomorrow.” Whenever people are thinking about engaging in an activity with short-term benefits but long-term costs, they might prefer to delay receipt of important information. The same point might hold about information that could make people sad or mad: “Please tell me what I need to know ― tomorrow.” *aggregate: 합계의 **chastity: 정결 ① highlight the value of preferred activities ② make current activities less attractive ③ cut their attachment to past activities ④ enable them to enjoy more activities ⑤ potentially become known to others

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① division of labor ② act of sympathy ③ process of negotiation ④ competition for habitat ⑤ defense from predators

뒤

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?94)

Plants are genius chemists. They rely on their ability to manufacture chemical compounds for every single aspect of their survival. A plant with juicy leaves can’t run away to avoid being eaten. It relies on its own chemical defenses to kill microbes, deter pests, or poison would­be predators. Plants also need to reproduce. They can’t impress a potential mate with a fancy dance, a victory in horn­to­horn combat, or a well­constructed nest like animals do. Since plants need to attract pollinators to accomplish reproduction, they’ve evolved intoxicating scents, sweet nectar, and pheromones that send signals that bees and butterflies can’t resist. When you consider that plants solve almost all of their problems by making chemicals, and that there are nearly 400,000 species of plants on Earth, it’s no wonder that the plant kingdom is _________________________________________. ① a factory that continuously generates clean air ② a source for a dazzling array of useful substances ③ a silent battlefield in which plants fight for sunshine ④ a significant habitat for microorganisms at a global scale ⑤ a document that describes the primitive state of the earth

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?95)

Contrary to popular opinion, woodpeckers don’t restrict themselves to rotten trees, and they often start construction in healthy trees. Just like us, woodpeckers want the place where they bring up their families to be solid and durable. Even though the birds are well equipped to hammer away at healthy wood, it would be too much for them to complete the job all at once. And that’s why they take a months-long break after making a hole that may be only an inch or two deep, hoping fungi will pitch in. As far as the fungi are concerned, this is the invitation they have been waiting for, because usually they can’t get past the bark. In this case, the fungi quickly move into the opening and begin to break down the wood. What the tree sees as a coordinated attack, the woodpecker sees as a(n) _________________________. After a while, the wood fibers are so soft that it’s much easier for the woodpecker to enlarge the hole. *fungi: fungus(균류)의 복수형

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?96)

The urban environment is generally designed so as not to

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?98)

The growth of academic disciplines and sub-disciplines, such make contact with our skin. We do not push through bushes as art history or palaeontology, and of particular figures such on our way to school or work. Roads and sidewalks are kept as the art critic, helped produce principles and practices for clear of obstacles. Only once in a while are we reminded of selecting and organizing what was worthy of keeping, though the materiality of the environment, as when we feel the brush it remained a struggle. Moreover, as museums and of an unexpected tree branch or nearly fall over a curb. Most universities drew further apart toward the end of the of our time is not even spent outside. “Outside” is often nineteenth century, and as the idea of objects as a highly just a space we go through to get “inside.” Our time is valued route to knowing the world went into decline, largely spent indoors, where architecture and design collude collecting began to lose its status as a worthy intellectual to provide an environment as lacking as possible in tactile pursuit, especially in the sciences. The really interesting and stimulation. In the modern university or office building, floors important aspects of science were increasingly those invisible and walls are flat and smooth, corridors are clear, the air is to the naked eye, and the classification of things collected no still, the temperature is neutral, and elevators carry one longer promised to produce cutting-edge knowledge. The term effortlessly from one level to another. It is commonly assumed “butterfly collecting” could come to be used with the that we are best served by our tactile environment when adjective “mere” to indicate a pursuit of ______________ ___________________________. *collude: 결탁하다 *palaeontology: 고생물학 **adjective: 형용사 ① we accept its harsh elements ① competitive ② we scarcely notice its presence ② novel ③ it does not hinder social interactions ③ secondary ④ we experience it using all the senses ④ reliable ⑤ its design reflects the natural environment ⑤ unconditional

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?97)

The ideal sound quality varies a lot in step with technological and cultural changes. Consider, for instance, the development of new digital audio formats such as MP3 and AAC. Various media feed us daily with data-compressed audio, and some people rarely experience CD-quality (that is, technical quality) audio. This tendency could lead to a new generation of listeners with other sound quality preferences. Research by Stanford University professor Jonathan Berger adds fuel to this thesis. Berger tested first-year university students’ preferences for MP3s annually for ten years. He reports that each year more and more students come to prefer MP3s to CD-quality audio. These findings indicate that listeners gradually become accustomed to data-compressed formats and change their listening preferences accordingly. The point is that while technical improvements strive toward increased sound quality in a technical sense (e.g., higher resolution and greater bit rate), listeners’ expectations do not necessarily follow the same path. As a result, “improved” technical digital sound quality may in some cases lead to a(n) ________________________________________. *compress: 압축하다 ① decrease in the perceptual worth of the sound ② failure to understand the original function of music ③ realization of more sophisticated musical inspiration ④ agreement on ideal sound quality across generations ⑤ revival of listeners’ preference for CD-quality audio

academic status.

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?99)

Concepts of nature are always cultural statements. This may not strike Europeans as much of an insight, for Europe’s landscape is so much of a blend. But in the new worlds ― ‘new’ at least to Europeans ― the distinction appeared much clearer not only to European settlers and visitors but also to their descendants. For that reason, they had the fond conceit of primeval nature uncontrolled by human associations which could later find expression in an admiration for wilderness. Ecological relationships certainly have their own logic and in this sense ‘nature’ can be seen to have a self-regulating but not necessarily stable dynamic independent of human intervention. But the context for ecological interactions ____________________________. We may not determine how or what a lion eats but we certainly can regulate where the lion feeds. *conceit: 생각 **primeval: 원시(시대)의 ***ecological: 생태학의 ① has supported new environment-friendly policies ② has increasingly been set by humanity ③ inspires creative cultural practices ④ changes too frequently to be regulated ⑤ has been affected by various natural conditions

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?100)

Emma Brindley has investigated the responses of European

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?102)

The conventional view of what the state should do to foster robins to the songs of neighbors and strangers. Despite the innovation is simple: it just needs to get out of the way. At large and complex song repertoire of European robins, they best, governments merely facilitate the economic dynamism of were able to discriminate between the songs of neighbors the private sector; at worst, their lumbering, heavy­handed, and strangers. When they heard a tape recording of a and bureaucratic institutions actively inhibit it. The stranger, they began to sing sooner, sang more songs, and fast­moving, risk­loving, and pioneering private sector, by overlapped their songs with the playback more often than contrast, is what really drives the type of innovation that they did on hearing a neighbor’s song. As Brindley creates economic growth. According to this view, the secret suggests, the overlapping of song may be an aggressive behind Silicon Valley lies in its entrepreneurs and venture response. However, this difference in responding to neighbor capitalists. The state can intervene in the economy ― but only versus stranger occurred only when the neighbor’s song was to fix market failures or level the playing field. It can regulate played by a loudspeaker placed at the boundary between the private sector in order to account for the external costs that neighbor’s territory and the territory of the bird being companies may impose on the public, such as pollution, and tested. If the same neighbor’s song was played at another it can invest in public goods, such as basic scientific research boundary, one separating the territory of the test subject from or the development of drugs with little market potential. It another neighbor, it was treated as the call of a stranger. should not, however, _______________________________. *lumbering: 느릿느릿 움직이는 Not only does this result demonstrate that ______________________________________, but it also shows ① involve the private sector in shaping economic policies that the choice of songs used in playback experiments is ② directly attempt to create and shape markets highly important. ③ regulate companies under any circumstances *robin: 울새 **territory: 영역 ④ take market failures into consideration ① variety and complexity characterize the robins’ songs ② song volume affects the robins’ aggressive behavior ③ the robins’ poor territorial sense is a key to survival ④ the robins associate locality with familiar songs ⑤ the robins are less responsive to recorded songs

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?101)

Relatively undeveloped languages have no single word for

⑤ let the private sector drive innovation

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?103)

Writing lyrics means shaping the meaning of something plants. The lack of a term doesn’t mean they don’t which, if left as instrumental music, would remain undefined; perceive differences, and it doesn’t mean they don’t know there is a change of the level of expression. That’s one the difference between spinach and a cactus; they just lack reason why for many songwriters ‘lyric’ seems to be the an all­encompassing term with which to refer to plants. We hardest word. Picture this scene: a songwriter at the piano, or see cases like this in our own language. For example, English with a guitar, plays with chords and creates an emotion and lacks a single basic term to refer to edible mushrooms. We atmosphere that is creatively inspiring. Our songwriter invents also lack a term for all the people you would have to notify a melody to go with this mood. Then comes the moment if you were going into the hospital for three weeks. These where words are required, and that means getting specific. might include close relatives, friends, your employer, the This sad­ or happy­sounding chord progression must now newspaper delivery person, and anyone you had direct its general sadness or happiness to a particular human appointments with during that period. The lack of a term situation. A lyric is the place where the emotional suggestions doesn’t mean you don’t understand the concept; it simply of pure music are defined as ______________ human means that the ______________ isn’t reflected in our concerns and events. It’s like a piece of translation, from language. This could be because a need for it hasn’t been one medium into another. The general musical mood is so pressing that a word needed to be coined. ① category

② history ③ mood ④ frequency ⑤ preference

① concrete

② obscure ④ unforeseen ⑤ exaggerated

focused by a lyric into a context, a voice, a human drama. ③ ethical

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?104)

In the health area, the concern with use after “purchase”

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?106)

Humour involves not just practical disengagement but is as critical as and even more critical than the concern with cognitive disengagement. As long as something is funny, we the purchase itself. The person who is sold on and goes are for the moment not concerned with whether it is real or through disease screening procedures but does not follow fictional, true or false. This is why we give considerable through with medical treatment for a diagnosed condition, is leeway to people telling funny stories. If they are getting extra as much of a failure as a person who did not avail himself laughs by exaggerating the silliness of a situation or even by of the screening program to begin with. The obese individual making up a few details, we are happy to grant them comic who has been successfully sold on going on a medically licence, a kind of poetic licence. Indeed, someone listening to prescribed diet but is lured back to his candy jar and apple a funny story who tries to correct the teller ― ‘No, he pie after one week, is as much of a failure as if he never didn’t spill the spaghetti on the keyboard and the monitor, had been sold on the need to lose and control his weight. just on the keyboard’ ― will probably be told by the other The most challenging, most difficult, most perplexing problem listeners to stop interrupting. The creator of humour is putting is not how to sell people on health­supportive practices, not ideas into people’s heads for the pleasure those ideas will even how to get them to initiate such practices. We have bring, not to provide ______________ information. been fairly successful with these. It is to persuade and help them ________________________________. ① accurate ① to discover the blind spot ② to stick with new practices ③ to build a sense of security ④ to avoid unnecessary treatment ⑤ to come up with novel solutions

② detailed ④ additional ⑤ alternative

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*cognitive: 인식의 **leeway: 여지 ③ useful

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?107)

Precision and determinacy are a necessary requirement for all meaningful scientific debate, and progress in the sciences is, to a large extent, the ongoing process of achieving ever When trying to understand the role of the sun in ancient greater precision. But historical representation puts a premium journeys, the sources become fewer and the journeys less on a proliferation of representations, hence not on the well known. Herodotus writes about an exploratory voyage refinement of one representation but on the production of an commissioned by the ancient Egyptian King Necho II in about ever more varied set of representations. Historical insight is 600 BC. Necho II reportedly ordered a Phoenician expedition not a matter of a continuous “narrowing down” of previous to sail clockwise around Africa, starting at the Red Sea and options, not of an approximation of the truth, but, on the returning to the mouth of the Nile. They were gone for three contrary, is an “explosion” of possible points of view. It years. Herodotus writes that the Phoenicians, upon returning therefore aims at the unmasking of previous illusions of from their heroic expedition, reported that after sailing south determinacy and precision by the production of new and and then turning west, they found the sun was on their right, alternative representations, rather than at achieving truth by a the opposite direction to where they were used to seeing it careful analysis of what was right and wrong in those or expecting it to be. Contemporary astronomical science was previous representations. And from this perspective, the simply not strong enough to fabricate such an accurate, development of historical insight may indeed be regarded by fundamental and yet prosaic detail of where the sun would the outsider as a process of creating ever more confusion, a be after sailing past the equator and into the southern continuous questioning of ___________________________, hemisphere. It is this that leads many of today’s historians rather than, as in the sciences, an ever greater approximation to conclude that the journey __________________________. to the truth. *fabricate: 꾸며 내다, 만들어 내다 **prosaic: 평범한 *proliferation: 증식

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?105)

① must have taken place ② was not reported at all ③ was not worth the time ④ should have been planned better ⑤ could be stopped at any moment

① criteria for evaluating historical representations ② certainty and precision seemingly achieved already ③ possibilities of alternative interpretations of an event ④ coexistence of multiple viewpoints in historical writing ⑤ correctness and reliability of historical evidence collected

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?108)

When you are born, your neocortex knows almost nothing. It

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?110)

Imagine some mutation appears which makes animals doesn’t know any words, what buildings are like, how to spontaneously die at the age of 50. This is unambiguously use a computer, or what a door is and how it moves on disadvantageous — but only very slightly so. More than 99 per hinges. It has to learn countless things. The overall structure cent of animals carrying this mutation will never experience its of the neocortex is not random. Its size, the number of ill effects because they will die before it has a chance to act. regions it has, and how they are connected together is This means that it’s pretty likely to remain in the population largely determined by our genes. For example, genes — not because it’s good, but because the ‘force of natural determine what parts of the neocortex are connected to the selection’ at such advanced ages is not strong enough to eyes, what other parts are connected to the ears, and how get rid of it. Conversely, if a mutation killed the animals at those parts connect to each other. Therefore, we can say that two years, striking them down when many could reasonably the neocortex is structured at birth to see, hear, and even expect to still be alive and producing children, evolution would learn language. But it is also true that the neocortex doesn’t get rid of it very promptly: animals with the mutation would know what it will see, what it will hear, and what specific soon be outcompeted by those fortunate enough not to have languages it might learn. We can think of the neocortex as it, because the force of natural selection is powerful in the starting life ____________________________ but knowing years up to and including reproductive age. Thus, problematic nothing in particular. Through experience, it learns a rich and mutations can accumulate, just so long as complicated model of the world. *neocortex: (대뇌의) 신피질 ① having some built-in assumptions about the world ② causing conflicts between genes and environments ③ being able to efficiently reprocess prior knowledge ④ controlling the structure and processing power of the brain ⑤ fighting persistently against the determined world of genes

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?109)

Imagine there are two habitats, a rich one containing a lot of resources and a poor one containing few, and that there is no territoriality or fighting, so each individual is free to exploit the habitat in which it can achieve the higher pay-off

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_________________________ _______________________. *mutation: 돌연변이 ① the force of natural selection increases as animals get older ② their accumulation is largely due to their evolutionary benefits ③ evolution operates by suppressing reproductive success of animals ④ animals can promptly compensate for the decline in their abilities ⑤ they only affect animals after they’re old enough to have reproduced

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?111)

Young contemporary artists who employ digital technologies measured as rate of consumption of resource. With no in their practice rarely make reference to computers. For competitors, an individual would simply go to the better of example, Wade Guyton, an abstractionist who uses a word the two habitats and this is what we assume the first arrivals processing program and inkjet printers, does not call himself will do. But what about the later arrivals? As more a computer artist. Moreover, some critics, who admire his competitors occupy the rich habitat, the resource will be work, are little concerned about his extensive use of depleted, and so less profitable for further newcomers. computers in the art-making process. This is a marked Eventually a point will be reached where the next arrivals will contrast from three decades ago when artists who utilized do better by occupying the poorer quality habitat where, computers were labeled by critics — often disapprovingly — as although the resource is in shorter supply, there will be less computer artists. For the present generation of artists, the competition. Thereafter, the two habitats should be filled so computer, or more appropriately, the laptop, is one in a that the profitability for an individual is the same in each one. collection of integrated, portable digital technologies that link In other words, competitors should adjust their distribution in their social and working life. With tablets and cell phones relation to habitat quality so that each individual surpassing personal computers in Internet usage, and as slim ________________________________. ① fails to find adequate resources in time ② invades the other habitat to get more resources ③ enjoys the same rate of acquisition of resources ④ needs to gather resources faster than newcomers ⑤ is more attracted to the rich habitat than the poor one

① awake

② influential ④ troublesome ⑤ extinct

digital devices resemble nothing like the room-sized mainframes and bulky desktop computers of previous decades, it now appears that the computer artist is finally ________________. ③ distinct

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?112)

There was nothing modern about the idea of men making women’s clothes ― we saw them doing it for centuries in the past. In the old days, however, the client was always ① venture a little more often into the wilderness primary and her tailor was an obscure craftsman, perhaps ② help them recall their most precious memories talented but perhaps not. She had her own ideas like any ③ better understand the challenges of parental duty patron, there were no fashion plates, and the tailor was ④ disregard the key characteristics of children’s fiction simply at her service, perhaps with helpful suggestions about ⑤ standardize the paths of their psychological development what others were wearing. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, with the hugely successful rise of the artistic male couturier, it was the designer who became celebrated, and the client elevated by his inspired attention. In a climate of admiration for male artists and their female creations, the dress-designer first flourished as the same sort of creator. Instead of the old rule that dressmaking is a craft, Magical thinking, intellectual insecurity, and confirmation bias ____________________________________________ are all powerful barriers to scientific discovery; they blocked invented that had not been there before. the eyes of generations of astronomers before Copernicus. But *obscure: 무명의 **patron: 후원자 as twenty‑first‑century researchers have discovered, these three ***couturier: 고급 여성복 디자이너 barriers can all be destroyed with a simple teaching trick: ① a profitable industry driving fast fashion ② a widespread respect for marketing skills ③ a public institution preserving traditional design ④ a modern connection between dress-design and art ⑤ an efficient system for producing affordable clothing

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?113)

2022_10월_고3_서울교육청_33

was

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?114)

transporting our brain to an environment outside our own. That environment can be a nature preserve many miles from our home, or a computer‑simulated Mars, or any other space that our ego doesn’t associate directly with our health, social status, and material success. In that environment, our ego will be less inclined to take the failure of its predictions personally. Certainly, our ego may feel a little upset that its guesses about the nature preserve or Mars were wrong, but it was never really that invested in the guesses to begin with. Why should it care too much about things that have no bearing on its own fame or well‑being? So, in that happy state of apathy, our ego is less likely to get data manipulative, mentally threatened, or magically minded, leaving the rest of our brain free to ______________________________________. *apathy: 무관심 In trying to explain how different disciplines attempt to ① do away with irregularity and seek harmony understand autobiographical memory the literary critic Daniel ② justify errors by reorganizing remaining data Albright said, “Psychology is a garden, literature is a ③ build barriers to avoid intellectual insecurity wilderness.” He meant, I believe, that psychology seeks to ④ abandon failed hypotheses and venture new ones make patterns, find regularity, and ultimately impose order on ⑤ manipulate the surroundings and support existing ideas human experience and behavior. Writers, by contrast, dive into the unruly, untamed depths of human experiences. What he said about understanding memory can be extended to our questions about young children’s minds. If we psychologists are too bent on identifying the orderly pattern, the regularities of children’s minds, we may miss an essential and pervasive characteristic of our topic: the child’s more unruly and imaginative ways of talking and thinking. It is not only the developed writer or literary scholar who seems drawn toward a somewhat wild and idiosyncratic way of thinking; young children are as well. The psychologist interested in young

children

may

have

to -49-

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.115)

perhaps, too, because in some sense we ‘know’ what we are killing. We make sound guesses that the pain and desire for life we feel — our worlds of experience — have a counterpart in the animal we kill. As predators, this can create problems for us. One way to smooth those edges, then, is to ____________________________. *membrane: 지하 세계로 통하는 바위 표면 **suffused with: ～로 가득 찬

The quest for knowledge in the material world is a never­ending pursuit, but the quest does not mean that a thoroughly schooled person is an educated person or that an educated person is a wise person. We are too often blinded by our ignorance of our ignorance, and our pursuit of knowledge is no guarantee of wisdom. Hence, we are prone to becoming the blind leading the blind because our ① view that prey with respect overemphasis on competition in nearly everything makes ② domesticate those animals looking good more important than being good. The resultant ③ develop tools for hunting fear of being thought a fool and criticized therefore is one of ④ avoid supernatural beliefs greatest enemies of true learning. Although our ignorance is ⑤ worship our ancestors’ spirits undeniably vast, it is from the vastness of this selfsame ignorance that our sense of wonder grows. But, when we do not know we are ignorant, we do not know enough to even question, let alone investigate, our ignorance. No one can teach another person anything. All one can do with and for someone else is to facilitate learning by helping the person to The empiricist philosopher John Locke argued that when the ___________________ ________________________. human being was first born, the mind was simply a blank *prone to: ∼하기 쉬운 **selfsame: 똑같은 slate — a tabula rasa — waiting to be written on by experience. Locke believed that our experience shapes who ① find their role in teamwork we are and who we become — and therefore he also ② learn from others’ successes and failures believed that, given different experiences, human beings ③ make the most of technology for learning would have different characters. The influence of these ideas ④ obtain knowledge from wonderful experts was profound, particularly for the new colonies in America, for ⑤ discover the wonder of their ignorance example, because these were conscious attempts to make a new start and to form a new society. The new society was to operate on a different basis from that of European culture, which was based on the feudal system in which people’s place in society was almost entirely determined by birth, and which therefore tended to emphasize innate characteristics. Locke’s emphasis on the importance of experience in forming

2023_3월_고3_서울교육청_32

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.116)

2023_3월_고3_서울교육청_33

the

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.117)

human ______________________________. *empiricist: 경험주의자 **slate: 석판 ***feudal: 봉건 제도의

being

provided

① foundations for reinforcing ties between European and colonial societies ② new opportunities for European societies to value their tradition

Lewis­Williams believes that the religious view of hunter groups was a contract between the hunter and the hunted. ③ an optimistic framework for those trying to form a ‘The powers of the underworld allowed people to kill different society animals, provided people responded in certain ritual ways, ④ an example of the role that nature plays in building such as taking fragments of animals into the caves and character inserting them into the “membrane”.’ This is borne out in ⑤ an access to expertise in the areas of philosophy and the San. Like other shamanistic societies, they have admiring science practices between human hunters and their prey, suffused with taboos derived from extensive natural knowledge. These practices suggest that honouring may be one method of softening the disquiet of killing. It should be said that this disquiet needn’t arise because there is something fundamentally wrong with a human killing another animal, but simply because we are aware of doing the killing. And -50-

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.118)

In A Theory of Adaptation, Linda Hutcheon argues that “An adaptation is not vampiric: it does not draw the life­blood from its source and leave it dying or dead, nor is it paler than the adapted work. It may, on the contrary, keep that prior work alive, giving it an afterlife it would never have had otherwise.” Hutcheon’s refusal to see adaptation as “vampiric” is particularly inspiring for those of us who do work on adaptations. The idea of an “afterlife” of texts, of seeing what comes before as an inspiration for what comes now, is, by its very definition, keeping works “alive.” Adaptations for young adults, in particular, have the added benefit of engaging the young adult reader with both then and now, past and present — functioning as both “monuments” to history and the “flesh” of the reader’s lived experience. While this is true for adaptations in general, it is especially important for those written with young adults in mind. Such adaptations _____________________________________________ that might otherwise come across as old­fashioned or irrelevant.

① allow young readers to make personal connections with texts ② are nothing more than the combination of different styles ③ break familiar patterns of the ancient heroic stories ④ give a new spotlight to various literary theories ⑤ encourage young writers to make plots original

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다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.119)

Although a balance or harmony between partners clearly develops over time in a relationship, it is also a factor in initial attraction and interest in a partner. That is, to the extent that two people share similar verbal and nonverbal habits in a first meeting, they will be more comfortable with one another. For example, fast-paced individuals talk and move quickly and are more expressive, whereas slow-paced individuals have a different tempo and are less expressive. Initial interactions between people at opposite ends of such a continuum may be more difficult than those between similar types. In the case of contrasting styles, individuals may be less interested in pursuing a relationship than if they were similar in interaction styles. Individuals with similar styles, however, are more comfortable and find that they just seem to “click” with one another. Thus, _________________________ may provide a selection filter for the initiation of a relationship.

① information deficit ② cultural adaptability ③ meaning negotiation ④ behavioral coordination ⑤ unconditional acceptance

023_6월_고3_평가원_33

오.120)

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오.121)

① where we purchase them ② how expensive they are ③ what labels we use ④ how persuasive ads are ⑤ who makes the products

Whatever their differences, scientists and artists begin with the same question: can you and I see the same thing the same way? If so, how? The scientific thinker looks for features of the thing that can be stripped of subjectivity ― ideally, those aspects that can be quantified and whose values will thus never change from one observer to the next. In this way, he arrives at a reality independent of all observers. The artist, on the other hand, relies on the strength of her artistry to effect a marriage between her own subjectivity and that of her readers. To a scientific thinker, this must sound like magical thinking: you’re saying you will imagine something so hard it’ll pop into someone else’s head exactly the way you envision it? The artist has sought the opposite of the scientist’s observer-independent reality. She creates a reality dependent upon observers, indeed a reality in which ___________________________________ in order for it to exist at all.

① human beings must participate ② objectivity should be maintained ③ science and art need to harmonize ④ readers remain distanced from the arts ⑤ she is disengaged from her own subjectivity

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시

The way we perceive the colors of the rainbow, and the universe in general, is influenced by the words we use to describe them. This is not limited to visual perception but also applies to smell, taste, touch, our perception of time and countless other human experiences. A wine or Scotch connoisseur, for example, has a much richer vocabulary at their disposal to describe the fullness, finish, flavors and aroma of the drink, which in turn improves their ability to recognize and remember subtle differences of which a non-expert may be unaware. Similarly, a chef or perfumer has at their disposal labels for flavors and smells that allow them to perceive, differentiate among, prepare and remember subtle variations. The labels that we have at our disposal influence how we see the world around us. Regardless of where you place the limits of linguistic effects on cognition, there is evidence that at least some of the things that we perceive and remember differ depending on ______________________.*connoisseur: (예술품‧음식‧음악의) 감정가

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오.122)

One of the common themes of the Western philosophical tradition is the distinction between sensual perceptions and rational knowledge. Since Plato, the supremacy of rational reason is based on the assertion that it is able to extract true knowledge from experience. As the discussion in the Republic helps to explain, perceptions are inherently unreliable and misleading because the senses are subject to errors and illusions. Only the rational discourse has the tools to overcome illusions and to point towards true knowledge. For instance, perception suggests that a figure in the distance is smaller than it really is. Yet, the application of logical reasoning will reveal that the figure only appears small because it obeys the laws of geometrical perspective. Nevertheless, even after the perspectival correction is applied and reason concludes that perception is misleading, the figure still appears small, and the truth of the matter is revealed __________________________________________. *discourse: 담화 **geometrical: 기하학의

① as the outcome of blindly following sensual experience ② by moving away from the idea of perfect representation ③ beyond the limit of where rational knowledge can approach ④ through a variety of experiences rather than logical reasoning ⑤ not in the perception of the figure but in its rational representation

Unit 05. 빈칸추론 (지문의 구조)

대표 기출 적용

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 주장과 근거

유형 해결 전략

STEP 1 빈칸 문장 읽기 목재가 다른 자재보다 나은 뭔가를 ~ 하는 것이 어려운 이유를 찾아야 한다.

STEP 2 글의 주제 파악하기 첫 두 문장에서 다루는 소재가 간혹 자 재로서의 목재이고, 빈칸이 있는 문장에 서는 ‘목재가 다른 자재보다 나은 뭔 가를~하는 것이 항상 쉬운 것은 아니 다’ 라고 나와 있으므로, ‘목재의~하

Wood is a material that is widely acknowledged to be environmentally friendly. It has been welcome as an alternative material for a long time in building houses instead of cement or bricks. However, it is not always easy to of one particular material such as wood over another. Many species of tree are now endangered, including mahogany and teak, and deforestation, particularly in tropical 기 어려움’이 이 글의 주제임을 알 수 rainforests, has had a severe impact both on local communities and on 있다. native plants and wildlife. Where wood is harvested and then transported halfway across the globe, the associated energy costs are STEP 3 핵심 어구 찾기 endangered, deforestation, a negative high, causing a negative impact on the environment. What is more, impact 등의 핵심 어구를 통해 건축 자 where wood is treated with chemicals to improve fire- and 재로서의 목재에 관한 부정적인 내용이 pest-resistance, its healthful properties are compromised. 다루어짐을 알 수 있다

① increase the inherent resistance ② favor the chemical properties ③ dominate he natural habitats ④ evaluate the relative merits ⑤ deny the cost advantage

STEP 4 오답 피하기 반칸이 있는 문장에서 목재와 다른 자 재를 비교하고 있고, 건축 자재로서 목 재에 대해 부정적인 입장이 전개되고 있는 것으로 보아, 빈칸에는 ‘상대적 장점을 평가하다’가 들어가야 됨을 알 수 있다. 살림 벌채로 서식지가 파괴되 고 있으므로 ③은 답이 될 수 없다.

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

STEP 1 빈칸 문장 읽기 합리적인 것을 하는 것이 어떤 결과를

People knowingly or unknowingly will take too much, even though it is not for anyone’s collective or long-term good. As Hardin put it, 낳게 될지 파악해야 한다. “Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.” Consider a traffic jam on a main road going into any big city. Each person picks that particular STEP 2 글의 핵심 내용 파악하기 road for the logical reason that it’s the fastest route. In the beginning, 합리적인 결정이 모두에게 해가 되는 결과를 낳을 수 있다는 주제의 글이다. each additional car does not slow the traffic down, as there is enough room on the road for the additional drivers. At some point, however, STEP 3 핵심 어구 또는 의미상 반복되 each car reduces the average speed, and eventually there are so many 는 표현 찾기 drivers that the traffic slows to a crawl. All the people seeking to Each person ~ for the logical reason minimize their own driving time add up to a longer commute for that it’s the fastest route, eventually ~ everyone. Doing what’s rational slows to a crawl, seeking to minimize ~ to a longer commute for everyone 등의

l , including you. On a global scale, the same thing can befall environmental issues such as overfished seas and rivers, air 어구를 통해 합리적인 결정이 모두에게 pollution, and water scarcity. 해가 될 수 있다는 내용임을 알 수 있 다. ① cannot correctly identify the flavor ② will not favor the grape-flavored candy ③ can clearly sense the difference in flavor ④ will be instantly attracted to the grape flavor ⑤ will enjoy the subtle difference between them

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? The importance of science has led people to think that ‘objectivity’ is the best way to see the world — to see the facts without any feelings. However, from a human point of view, objectivity is just another attitude. It is an interpretation that deliberately ignores our feelings. It is very useful to ensure that scientific measurements are taken accurately and so on, but as far as life is concerned, it is a bit like turning the

STEP 4 오답 피하기 ① ‘모든 운전자들에게 합리적인 결과 로 이어진다’는 것은 결국 모두에게 이득이 된다는 것인데, 이는 앞의 내용 들에 비추어 볼 때 사실이 아니므로 답이될수 없다. 유형 해결 전략 STEP 1 빈칸 문장 읽기 실물을 더 실감나게 보여주는 것이 아 니라 단지 ‘무엇’을 줄여 주는 여과 기에 불과하다고 했는데, 줄어드는 것이 무엇인지를 문맥을 통해 파악해야한다.

STEP 2 글의 핵심 내용 파악하기 글의 서두에서 역접으로 기술되면 이어 지는 부분이 주제이거나 주제와 밀접한 color off on your TV so that you see everything in black and white and 연관성을 갖는다. 이 글의 주제는 ‘인 then saying that is more truthful. It is not more truthful; it is just a filter 간적 관점에서 본 객관성’ 이다. that reduces . When you turn down the STEP 3 핵심 어구 찾기 feelings, you also turn down the possibility of enjoyment. just another attitude, just a filter, turn down the possibility of enjoyment 등을 통해 인생에서의 객관성에 대한 필자의 ① richness of life 생각을 엿볼 수 있다. ② brutality of humans ③ size of the TV screen STEP 4 오답 피하기 ④ incorrectness of a theory 이 글이 과학적 객관성을 폄하하는 것 ⑤ criticism of scientific findings 이 아니라, 인생을 살아가는데 있어서는 객관성이 즐거움을 떨어뜨린다는 내용 이므로, ⑤ 은 답이 될 수 없다.

Many parents let kids for different reasons. Guilt often has a lot to do with it. Mothers and fathers of all income levels, caught up in a whirl of a busy world, often try to substitute presents for presence. For example, a divorced dad may arrive bearing a Santa’s load of presents. As a working mom, I wouldn’t dream of returning home from a business trip without gifts for my fourteen-year-old daughter. Also, parents may feel that giving in — whether to a toddler’s pleas to stay up late or to a grade-schooler’s demands for a hot new video game — is often easier than trying to just say no. Furthermore, some parents, remembering their own less-plentiful childhoods, just don’t want to deny their beloved offspring anything — from computers to pricey designer clothes.

① work part-time ② have too much stuff ③ share household chores ④ follow in their footsteps ⑤ hang out with their friends

Any new technology that captures widespread attention is likely to . When the sewing machine was introduced, there were people who feared that women moving their legs up and down would affect their daily lives. The Walkman music player was viewed as an evil device that would encourage people to disappear into separate worlds, unable to communicate with each other. In addition to technologies, new genres of media also cause fearful commentary. Those who created comic books and rock-and-roll music have been seen as sinister figures bent on seducing children into juvenile delinquents. Even Socrates is known to have warned of the dangers of the alphabet and writing. These fears are laughable, but when these technologies or media genres first appeared, they were taken very seriously.

① be dependent on old ones ② be favored by the upper class ③ disconnect people from nature ④ provoke serious hand-writing ⑤ disappear as quickly as it appears

No other financial investment in your life will ever be as expensive and as emotional as investing in buying a home. Where you choose to live can easily become a symbolic purchase, a reflection of how you want to represent yourself to the world. People fall in love with where they live. It is no wonder that so many homebuyers go beyond and end up going over budget. Financial concerns go out the window, and we let our irrational emotions be our guide without much thought and reflection. It is far too easy for our homes to become an overpriced, stress-inducing status symbol. Therefore creates cash flow concerns and that awful condition known as “house poor.”

① trying to become independent ② purchasing a house in recession ③ jumping to a conclusion of any type ④ choosing a home beyond our means ⑤ raising or lowering interest rates quicky

Economists have long believed that the least productive societies are those in which women are denied opportunities to join the workforce. In underdeveloped countries, women typically go without the most basic tools needed to earn a living: education, training, and access to capital. Yet there is abundant evidence linking economic progress with empowered women. A recent study by the London School of Economics, to name just one example, showed that states in India where women are better educated and more employed were also those with higher economic growth rates. Thus, in order that they could spur growth in poor countries, a handful of enlightened capitalists have been trying to .

① put young children in the workplace ② invest to vitalize domestic economy ③ send abroad as many children as possible ④ provide women with more job opportunities ⑤ hire employees skillful in foreign languages

Global audiences gather to watch television for two reasons: huge news stories and sporting events. News is so hard to predict and usually so gloomy that it cannot be the sort of thing you can use to shift product. Sport, on the other hand, may be the best advertising vehicle ever invented. It fills hours of television time when the highest advertisement rates are guaranteed, invokes passion and loyalty that scripted TV shows only dream about, and has built-in drama without having to worry about striking writers. Other than hours of television time, you can create more profits by placing billboards around the grandstands, painting slogans on the fields, and getting the players to wear uniforms with logos. Sport, marketers long ago realized, has generated and does generate .

① records ② revenue ③ gender equality ④ national conflicts ⑤ recreational activities

One evening in September 2010, I was in the stands at a high school football game in Nashville, Tennessee, experiencing a powerful sense of dƣjƢ vu. As a member of my high school’s marching band in the mid-1990s, I had spent countless Friday nights in stands pretending to cheer on my school’s football team so that I could hang out with my friends. The scene at the school in Nashville in 2010 could easily have taken place when I was in high school almost two decades earlier. It was a typical American night, and immediately legible to me. I couldn’t help but smile at the irony, given that I was in Nashville to talk with teens about how technology had changed their lives. As I sat in the stands, I thought that

① teens were hard to convince ② things were really still the same ③ we needed to reinforce education ④ generational differences had existed ⑤ technology failed to bring people together

문장의 구조

주장과 근거

오.125)

Many parents let kids for different reasons. Guilt often has a lot to do with it. Mothers and fathers of all income levels, caught up in a whirl of a busy world, often try to substitute presents for presence. For example, a divorced dad may arrive bearing a Santa’s load We are , instead of the of presents. As a working mom, I wouldn’t dream of other way around. Perhaps the clearest way to see this is to returning home from a business trip without gifts for my look at changes in the biomass — the total worldwide weight fourteen-year-old daughter. Also, parents may feel that giving — of mammals. A long time ago, all of us humans together in — whether to a toddler’s pleas to stay up late or to a probably weighed only about two-thirds as much as all the grade-schooler’s demands for a hot new video game — is bison in North America, and less than one-eighth as much as often easier than trying to just say no. Furthermore, some all the elephants in Africa. But in the Industrial Era our parents, remembering their own less-plentiful childhoods, just population exploded and we killed bison and elephants at don’t want to deny their beloved offspring anything — from industrial scale and in terrible numbers. The balance shifted computers to pricey designer clothes. greatly as a result. At present, we humans weigh more than 350 times as much as all bison and elephants put together. ① work part-time We weigh over ten times more than all the earth’s wild ② have too much stuff mammals combined. And if we add in all the mammals ③ share household chores we’ve domesticated — cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and so ④ follow in their footsteps on — the comparison becomes truly ridiculous: we and our ⑤ hang out with their friends tamed animals now represent 97 percent of the earth’s mammalian biomass. This comparison illustrates a fundamental point: instead of being limited by the environment, we learned to shape it to our own ends. * bison: 들소

주장과 근거

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시

오.123)

① imposing ourselves on nature ② limiting our ecological impact ③ yielding our land to mammals ④ encouraging biological diversity ⑤ doing useful work for the environment

주장과 근거

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시

오.124)

No known human culture now or anytime in the recorded past . Some of the oldest physical artifacts found in human and protohuman excavation sites are musical instruments: bone flutes and animal skins stretched over tree stumps to make drums. Whenever humans come together for any reason, music is there: weddings, funerals, graduation from college, men marching off to war, stadium sporting events, a night on the town, prayer, a romantic dinner, mothers rocking their infants to sleep, and college students studying with music as a background. Even more so in nonindustrialized cultures than in modern Western societies, music is and was part of the fabric of everyday life. * protohuman: 원시인의, 원인(原人)의

① had funerals ② lacked music ③ lost track of time ④ emphasized rituals ⑤ changed music taste

주장과 근거

오.126)

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시

Perhaps the most difficult test commonly used for recruiting elite special forces soldiers is a simple jog down a remote road. Young men are instructed to don full gear and report to the starting point early in the morning, often sleep deprived and hungry. What makes this particular run unusually challenging is that none of the candidates are told the length of the course. The stakes are high as the recruits begin their jog. Some sprint forward in hopes of being first if the run is short. Others pace themselves, carefully conserving energy in the thought that the run could turn out to be a marathon. Some keep to themselves, trusting in their resolve and determination. Others jog together as a group, shouting words of encouragement. Running with sixty-pound packs is tiring, but the physical exertion is less demanding than the mental strain. The pressure of pushes many to the breaking point. * don: 입다

① being judged by their peers ② being forced to fight against their will ③ not giving in to temptations of any type ④ winning over their recruiters to pick them ⑤ not knowing the distance to the finish line

원인과 결과

오.127)

When is the right time for the predator to consume the fruit?

원인과 결과

오.129)

Ask a man to explain his success and he will typically credit The plant uses the color of the fruit to signal to predators his own innate qualities and skills. Ask a woman the same that it is ripe, which means that the seed’s hull has question and she will attribute her success to external factors, hardened — and therefore the sugar content is at its height. insisting she did well because she “worked really hard,” or Incredibly, the plant has chosen to manufacture fructose, “got lucky,” or “had help from others.” Men and women instead of glucose, as the sugar in the fruit. Glucose raises also differ when it comes to explaining failure. When a man insulin levels in primates and humans, which initially raises fails, he points to factors like “didn’t study enough” or levels of leptin, a hunger-blocking hormone — but fructose “not interested in the subject matter.” When a woman fails, does not. As a result, the predator never receives the normal she is more likely to believe it is due to an inherent lack of message that it is . That makes for a win-win for ability. And in situations where a man and a woman each predator and prey. The animal obtains more calories, and receive negative feedback, the woman’s self-confidence and because it keeps eating more and more fruit and therefore self-esteem drop to a much greater degree. The more seeds, the plant has a better chance of distributing of failure and the insecurity it breeds hurt future more of its babies. * hull: 겉껍질 ** primate: 영장류 ① pressure ① full ② strong ③ tired ④ dangerous ⑤ hungry

원인과 결과

② avoidance ③ accusation ④ recognition ⑤ internalization

원인과 결과

오.130)

performance, so this pattern has long-term consequences.

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시

As people grow older, they frequently say that time seems to pass more quickly than when they were younger. There No other financial investment in your life will ever be as are several hypotheses about this. One is that our perception expensive and as emotional as investing in buying a home. of time is nonlinear and is based on Where you choose to live can easily become a symbolic . A year in the life of a four-year-old represents a purchase, a reflection of how you want to represent yourself larger proportion of the time she’s already been alive than to the world. People fall in love with where they live. It is no it does for a forty-year-old. Experiments suggest that the wonder that so many homebuyers go beyond and end up formula for calculating subjective time is a power function, going over budget. Financial concerns go out the window, and the equation states that the passing of a year should and we let our irrational emotions be our guide without much seem twice as long for a ten-year-old than for a thought and reflection. It is far too easy for our homes to forty-year-old. You may recall trying to be still for an entire become an overpriced, stress-inducing status symbol. minute as a child, and now a minute goes by very quickly. Therefore, creates cash flow concerns and that awful condition known as “house poor.”

오.128)

① trying to become independent ② purchasing a house in recession ③ jumping to a conclusion of any type ④ choosing a home beyond our means ⑤ rasing or lowering interest rates quickly

* power function: <수학> 멱함수(거듭제곱의 지수를 고정하고 밑을 변수로 하는 함수)

① the emotional state we are in ② the degree of immersion in it ③ proven scientific experiments ④ the experience we’ve had before ⑤ the amount of time we’ve already lived

비교와 대조

오.131)

The growing field of genetics is showing us what many

비교와 대조

오.133)

Not asking for help is one of the most self-limiting, scientists have suspected for years — self-constraining, even self-destructive decisions we can make. .This information helps us Without the help and assistance of others, we don’t receive better understand that genes are under our control and not the resources that we need to get our work done, to solve something we must obey. Consider identical twins; both problems, and to fulfill our missions in the world. But studies individuals are given the same genes. In midlife, one twin show that as much as 90 percent of the help that is develops cancer, and the other lives a long healthy life provided in the workplace occurs only after requests for help without cancer. A specific gene instructed one twin to develop have been made. The explanation is simple. People can’t cancer, but in the other the same gene did not initiate the help you if they don’t know what you need, and they disease. One possibility is that the healthy twin had a diet don’t know what you need until you tell them. When we that turned off the cancer gene — the same gene that don’t ask for what we need, the costs are indeed instructed the other person to get sick. For many years, enormous. It’s critical, thus, to understand that help scientists have recognized other environmental factors, such as . chemical toxins (tobacco for example), can contribute to cancer through their actions on genes. The notion that food ① always returns to helpers has a specific influence on gene expression is relatively new.

① identical twins have the same genetic makeup ② our preference for food is influenced by genes ③ balanced diet is essential for our mental health ④ genetic engineering can cure some fatal diseases ⑤ foods can immediately influence the genetic blueprint

비교와 대조

오.132)

Nowadays our daily life is flooded with negative news, and it is very frightening. When you hear about something terrible, calm yourself by asking, “If there had been an equally large improvement, would I have heard about that?” Even if there had been hundreds of larger improvements taking place every day, would I have heard about them? Would I ever hear about children who don’t drown? Can I see a decrease in child drownings or in deaths from malnutrition on the news

② rarely arrives unasked for ③ creates power to help others ④ makes our relationships better ⑤ often creates unwanted results

비교와 대조

오.134)

Setbacks are inevitable, both in our lives and in our careers. If you stumble or burn out on your own, it can take a long time to bounce back or recover. But if your success is tied to that of others, you will have a support system to carry you until your energy returns. If you are a lone super-productive ant and you get injured, then you’re in trouble. But if you are just one of lots of productive ants, then the colony can or in a charity’s publicity material? Keep in mind that continue to thrive until you heal. The head of the Center for , but they Complex Network Research, Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, argues that simply don’t find you. You need to find them. And if you problem lanced out by the . The more we work look in the statistics, they are everywhere. This reminder will to make those around us stronger, the more likely it is that give you the basic protection to allow you to keep watching we ourselves will be cushioned and supported. the news without being carried away into despair.

① news should always tell the truth ② the positive changes may be common ③ people tend to look at the bright side ④ you can’t hear what you want to hear ⑤ improvements aren’t achieved by accident

① criticism ② university ③ innovations ④ productivity ⑤ interconnections

Unit 06 무관한 문장

도입부 뒤에 이어지는 다섯 개의 문장 중 글의 주제에서 벗어나거나 논리적인 흐름과 맞지 않는 문장을 찾는 유형이다. 과학, 역사, 심리, 경제, 스포츠 등 다양한 소재의 설명문이 출제 된다.

다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

글의 도입부를 소재나 주제를 파악한 후 글의 전개 방식을 예측한다. 각각의 문장을 읽으면서 주제와 무관하거나 논리적 비약이 있는 문장을 찾 는다.

선택한 문장을 제외한 후 앞뒤 문장의 흐름이 자연스럽게 이어지는지 확인 한다.

덴마트어에서 유래한 용어인 ‘휘게 (Hygge)’에 대해 설명하는 글로, 이후에 Hygge, a term that comes from Danish, is both a noun and a verb and ‘휘게(Hygge)’에 대한 자세한 설명이 does not have a direct translation into English. The closest word would have to be coziness, but that doesn’t really do it justice. ①While

나 예시가 나올 것 임을 에측할 수 있 다. STEP 2 각각의 문장을 읽으면서 주제와 무관하거나 논리적 비약이 있는 문장을 찾는다. deliberately creating intimacy, connection, and warmth with ourselves ③에서 휘게를 실전할 때 단순한 것에 서의 즐거움을 찾기 위해 의식적인 결 and those around us. ③When we hygge, we make a conscious 정을 한다고 이야기했으므로 그다음에 decision to find joy in the simple things. ④For example, lighting candles 는 결정 내용에 관한 구체적인 내용이 나 예시가 나와야 한다. ④는 음식물 요 and drinking wine with a close friend you haven’t seen in a while, or 리하는 것과 같은 단순한 즐거움, 즉 휘 sprawling out on a blanket while having a relaxing picnic in the park 게의 예시가 될 만한 것에 대해 말하고 있으나 그것에 대한 부정적인 내용으로 with a circle of your loved ones in the summertime can both be hygge. 끝나기 때문에 앞에서 설명한 휘게의 속성과는 맞지 않다. hygge is centered around cozy activities, it also includes a mental state of well-being and togetherness. ②It’s a holistic approach to

STEP 3 선택한 문장을 제외한 후 앞뒤 문장의 흐름이 자연스럽게 이어지는지 확 인한다. ④를 제외하고 앞뒤 문장을 연결해보면 ‘단순한 것에서’ 즐거움을 찾는 휘게 의 속성 – 단순한 활동을 즐기는 것의 예시‘로 글의 흐름이 자연스럽다.

[1-4] 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Projection is a psychological phenomenon in which you see or find your own characteristics ― positive or negative ― in other people. Like a lot of human behavior, projection comes down to self-defense. It allows you to ignore the parts of yourself that you don’t like and keep uncomfortable truths hidden. ① Those who don’t know themselves well but think they do are the most likely to use projection. ② Psychologists have been studying projection for a long time and have developed ways to treat it. ③ Those who suffer from low self-esteem and have little confidence also tend to project. ④ They project their own feelings of inferiority onto others. ⑤People who are open and honest about their own failures and weaknesses are the least likely to project because they don’t experience negative feelings about themselves.

With the development of artificial intelligence, interest in self-driving cars has increased, leading to questions about ethical decisions. What happens if a self-driving car finds itself in a situation where it has only two options ― hit a pedestrian or crash into a wall, sacrificing its passengers? ① It’s unrealistic to think that a self-driving car should be able to make such a difficult ethical decision. ② In order to have this ability, a car would need to be programmed to have the same characteristics as a human, including the ability to enjoy casual conversations, find jokes funny, and make moral judgements. ③ Whether you realize it or not, AI has become a crucial part of our daily lives today, and it assists us in almost every situation. ④ The current AI technology found in self-driving cars is not capable of doing any of these things. ⑤ Therefore, we cannot expect AI to act like human beings in many situations.

When they are setting a goal, people tend to believe that the key to achieving it is simply to control their behavior. Self-control involves regulating and sometimes altering their responses to common situations to decrease their undesirable behavior. ① It is commonly believed that self-control is something that can be learned and improved, so it has always been recommended. ② However, although practicing self-control over the long-term can strengthen it, self-control is limited in the short-term. ③ If you focus all of your self-control on one task, you will actually have less self-control in terms of everything else, a situation known as “ego depletion.” ④ As a result, like a muscle, your concentration gets better and stronger with continued use. ⑤ When this occurs, people are unable to find enough willpower to achieve the next task, even though they have increased their self-control in one task.

Art therapy, the combination of art and psychotherapy, is based on the idea that creativity can help speed up the healing process. ① Making works of art allows people to express themselves more easily and to explore their own deepest thoughts and feelings to manage or solve their problems. ② Almost any form of art can be used in art therapy, including painting, collage, photography and sculpture. ③ The works of art that are created during therapy sessions act as a bridge between the unconscious and conscious minds, the inner world and external reality. ④ The unconscious mind remains undetected when we are awake, but expresses itself through dreams when we sleep. ⑤ It doesn’t matter if the created work is unattractive or if the participant lacks artistic skills. The whole point of art therapy is to help people learn more about themselves and the feelings inside of them through their work.

*collage 콜라주(인쇄물 조각 등을 붙여 그림을 만드는 추상 미술의 기법)

무관한문장

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?135)

Cyber attacks on air traffic control systems have become a leading security concern. ①The federal government released a report in 2009 stating that the nation’s air traffic control system is vulnerable to a cyber attack that could interrupt communication with pilots and alter the flight information used to separate aircraft as they approach an airport. ②The report found numerous security problems in airline computer systems, including easy­to­crack passwords and unencrypted file folders, issues that could give invaders easy access. ③A cyber attack on air traffic has the potential to kill many people and could cripple the country’s entire airline industry. ④Unprecedented declines in consumer demand impacted the profitability of the airline industry, changing the face of aircraft travel for the foreseeable future. ⑤Tightening airline computer security could be even more important than conducting security screenings of passengers, because in an increasingly cyber­oriented world, plane hijackers of the future may not even be on board. *unencrypted: 암호화되지 않은 **cripple: 무력하게 만들다

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?136)

Research has shown that individuals — especially those who

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?137)

Kinship ties continue to be important today. In modern societies such as the United States people frequently have family get-togethers, they telephone their relatives regularly, and they provide their kin with a wide variety of services. ① Eugene Litwak has referred to this pattern of behaviour as the ‘modified extended family’. ②It is an extended family structure because multigenerational ties are maintained, but it is modified because it does not usually rest on co-residence between the generations and most extended families do not act as corporate groups. ③Although modified extended family members often live close by, the modified extended family does not require geographical proximity and ties are maintained even when kin are separated by considerable distances. ④The oldest member of the family makes the decisions on important issues, no matter how far away family members live from each other. ⑤In contrast to the traditional extended family where kin always live in close proximity, the members of modified extended families may freely move away from kin to seek opportunities for occupational advancement. *kin: 친족 **proximity: 근접

다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?138)

While we believe we hold the power to raise our children, have benefited from a particular system — are prone to the reality is that our children hold the power to raise us into support and rationalize the status quo, even if there are clear the parents they need us to become. ①For this reason, the problems. ①These people justify systemic inequity with parenting experience isn’t one of parent versus child but of familiar phrases like “If you just work hard enough you can parent with child. ②The road to wholeness sits in our pull yourself up by your bootstraps.” ②A branch of children’s lap, and all we need do is take a seat. ③As our psychology called system justification theory describes how children show us our way back to our own essence, they people tend to see social, economic, and political systems as become our greatest awakeners. ④This means that how good, fair, and legitimate if they have succeeded as a result much we pay attention to awakening our children’s minds of those systems. ③According to Erin Godfrey, a professor of can make a difference in their lives. ⑤If we fail to hold their applied psychology at New York University, “The people who hand and follow their lead as they guide us through the are at the top want to believe in meritocracy because it gateway of increased consciousness, we lose the chance to means that they deserve their successes.” ④Indeed, it is walk toward our own enlightenment. not suprising that there exists a general consensus across social class about the definition and the results of meritocracy. ⑤Those who are in an advantaged position in society are more likely to believe the system is fair and see no reason to change it. *status quo: 현재 상태 **meritocracy: 능력주의

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?139)

A variety of theoretical perspectives provide insight into

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?141)

Since their introduction, information systems have immigration. Economics, which assumes that actors engage in substantially changed the way business is conducted. ①This utility maximization, represents one framework. ①From this is particularly true for business in the shape and form of perspective, it is assumed that individuals are rational actors, cooperation between firms that involves an integration of i.e., that they make migration decisions based on their value chains across multiple units. ②The resulting networks assessment of the costs as well as benefits of remaining in a do not only cover the business units of a single firm but given area versus the costs and benefits of leaving. ②

typically also include multiple units from different firms. ③As Benefits may include but are not limited to short-term and a consequence, firms do not only need to consider their long-term monetary gains, safety, and greater freedom of internal organization in order to ensure sustainable business cultural expression. ③People with greater financial benefits performance; they also need to take into account the entire tend to use their money to show off their social status by ecosystem of units surrounding them. ④Many major purchasing luxurious items. ④Individual costs include but are companies are fundamentally changing their business models not limited to the expense of travel, uncertainty of living in a by focusing on profitable units and cutting off less profitable foreign land, difficulty of adapting to a different language, ones. ⑤In order to allow these different units to cooperate uncertainty about a different culture, and the great concern successfully, the existence of a common platform is crucial. about living in a new land. ⑤Psychic costs associated with separation from family, friends, and the fear of the unknown also should be taken into account in cost-benefit assessments. *psychic: 심적인

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?140)

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?142)

When approaching practical music making for the first time in the classroom, it is a good idea to avoid using instruments altogether. ①This will allow an inexperienced teacher to focus on the development of fundamental musical behaviour through listening, performing and composing; and allow the children to focus on the more controllable sound sources i.e. voices and body percussion (clapping, clicking, stamping etc). ②Music starts with these both developmentally and historically: the

A group of academics, mainly political scientists, assumed that human rights treaties did not have any effect on the behavior of countries. ①Indeed, these academics, who typically called themselves “realists,” assumed that international law generally did not affect the behavior of states. ②They saw the international arena as a security competition among different states, a zero­sum game in which one state’s gain was another state’s loss. most expressive and immediate musical instrument is the ③International lawyers and human rights advocates assumed human voice. ③The sound quality of an instrument is a that human rights treaties caused countries to improve their direct result of the quality of the materials, design, and treatment of their citizens. ④In such conditions, states could making. ④Body movements are not only an instinctive gain little by cooperating with each other — except in response to music but also instigate music making. ⑤ temporary military alliances or security agreements that could Activities which develop many of the coordination skills, aural fall apart at a moment’s notice. ⑤International law sensitivity, responses to visual cues and symbols, and the could play a minimal role or none at all, and was perhaps musical understanding necessary to play an instrument can all just an illusion, a sophisticated kind of propaganda — a set of be established without instruments. rules that would be swept away whenever the balance of *instigate: 부추기다 **coordination: 조정 power changed. -65-

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?143)

What characterizes philosophy and science in early modern

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?145)

Some forms of energy are more versatile in their usefulness Europe and marks a break from earlier traditions is the than others. For example, we can use electricity for a myriad concern to tailor theories to evidence rather than authority or of applications, whereas the heat from burning coal is tradition. ①Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Renǫ Descartes, and currently used mostly for stationary applications like generating others formulated explanations of the heavens, of the natural power. ①When we turn the heat from burning coal into world around them, and of human nature and society not by electricity, a substantial amount of energy is lost due to the appealing to the proclamations of earlier thinkers. ②Nor were inefficiency of the process. ②But we are willing to accept religious principles and ecclesiastic dogma their guiding lights. that loss because coal is relatively cheap, and it would be ③Rather, they took their lead from reason — what some difficult and inconvenient to use burning coal directly to power thinkers called “the light of nature” — and experience. ④The lights, computers, and refrigerators. ③Finding an economical fierce debates on the superiority of reason or experience way to use coal to produce carbon fibers will help revitalize continued, but all serious thinkers ultimately abandoned rural communities suffering from the decline in coal experience in the development of modern science and production. ④In effect, we put a differing value on different philosophy. ⑤Whether they proceeded according to the logic forms of energy, with electricity at the top of the value of deduction or through the analysis of empirical data, the ladder, liquid and gaseous fuels in the middle, and coal or modern scientific method they developed consists in testing firewood at the bottom. ⑤Solar and wind technologies have theories according to reason and in light of the available an advantage in that they produce high-value electricity evidence. *ecclesiastic dogma: 교회의 교리 **deduction: 연역

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?144)

The animal in a conflict between attacking a rival and

directly.

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*versatile: 다용도의

다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?146)

Because plants tend to recover from disasters more quickly fleeing may initially not have sufficient information to enable it than animals, they are essential to the revitalization of to make a decision straight away. ①If the rival is likely to damaged environments. Why do plants have this preferential win the fight, then the optimal decision would be to give up ability to recover from disaster? It is largely because, unlike immediately and not risk getting injured. ②But if the rival is animals, they can generate new organs and tissues weak and easily defeatable, then there could be considerable throughout their life cycle. ①This ability is due to the activity benefit in going ahead and obtaining the territory, females, of plant meristems ― regions of undifferentiated tissue in roots food or whatever is at stake. ③Animals under normal and shoots that can, in response to specific cues, differentiate circumstances maintain a very constant body weight and they into new tissues and organs. ②If meristems are not eat and drink enough for their needs at regular intervals. ④

damaged during disasters, plants can recover and ultimately By taking a little extra time to collect information about the transform the destroyed or barren environment. ③You can opponent, the animal is more likely to reach a decision that see this phenomenon on a smaller scale when a tree struck maximizes its chances of winning than if it takes a decision by lightning forms new branches that grow from the old scar. without such information. ⑤Many signals are now seen as ④In the form of forests and grasslands, plants regulate the having this information gathering or ‘assessment’ function, cycling of water and adjust the chemical composition of the directly contributing to the mechanism of the decision-making atmosphere. ⑤In addition to regeneration or resprouting of process by supplying vital information about the likely plants, disturbed areas can also recover through reseeding. outcomes of the various options. *revitalization: 소생

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?147)

Except for grains and sugars, most foods humans eat are

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?149)

One of the branches of postmodernism examines the perishable. They deteriorate in palatability, spoil, or become structure of language and how it is used. It challenges the unhealthy when stored for long periods. ①Surplus animal assumption that language can be precisely used to represent and crop harvests, however, can be saved for future use if reality. ①Meanings of words are ambiguous, as words are appropriate methods of preservation are used. ②The major only signs or labels given to concepts (what is signified) and ways of preserving foods are canning, freezing, drying, salting, therefore there is no necessary correspondence between the and smoking. ③With all methods the aim is to kill or restrict word and the meaning, the signifier and the signified. ②The the growth of harmful microbes or their toxins and to slow or use of signs (words) and their meaning can vary depending inactivate enzymes that cause undesirable changes in food on the flow of the text in which they are used, leading to the palatability. ④Palatability is not static: it is always changing, possibility of ‘deconstructing’ text to reveal its underlying based on the state of the individual, especially in regard to inconsistencies. ③Reality exists outside of our thoughts, and it the time of food consumption. ⑤For further protection during is only through language that we are able to perceive the long periods of storage, preserved food is placed either in natural world as it really is. ④This approach can be applied sterile metal cans or glass jars or frozen in airtight paper or to all forms of representation — pictures, films, etc. that gain plastic containers. *palatability: (좋은) 맛 **enzyme: 효소 ***sterile: 멸균한

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?148)

Actors, singers, politicians and countless others recognise the power of the human voice as a means of communication beyond the simple decoding of the words that are used. Learning to control your voice and use it for different purposes is, therefore, one of the most important skills to develop as an early career teacher. ①The more confidently you give instructions, the higher the chance of a positive class response. ②There are times when being able to project your voice loudly will be very useful when working in school, and knowing that you can cut through a noisy classroom, dinner hall or playground is a great skill to have. ③In order to address serious noise issues in school, students, parents and teachers should search for a solution together. ④However, I would always advise that you use your loudest voice incredibly sparingly and avoid shouting as much as possible. ⑤A quiet, authoritative and measured tone has so much more impact than slightly panicked shouting.

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added or alternative meanings by the overlaying of references to previous uses. ⑤This can be seen particularly in the media, where it is difficult to distinguish the real from the unreal — everything is representation, there is no reality.

다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?150)

Interestingly, experts do not suffer as much as beginners when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks. Because experts have extensive practice within a limited domain, the key component skills in their domain tend to be highly practiced and more automated. ①Each of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive resources, effectively lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience. ②Thus, experts can perform complex tasks and combine multiple tasks relatively easily. ③ Furthermore, beginners are excellent at processing the tasks when the tasks are divided and isolated. ④This is not because they necessarily have more cognitive resources than beginners; rather, because of the high level of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with what they have. ⑤Beginners, on the other hand, have not achieved the same degree of fluency and automaticity in each of the component skills, and thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ease and efficiency.

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?151)

The written word is the obvious, and easiest, place to start

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?153)

Several common themes were found in the highly creative when exploring local history, if only to see what has already individuals regarding their early experiences and education. In been written on the subject. Local history books have been early childhood their families accorded them a great deal of written for centuries and are very variable in quality. ①These respect and allowed them to explore on their own and books will certainly not mention your ancestor by name unless develop a strong sense of personal autonomy. ①There was they played a particularly prominent part in the development also a lack of extreme emotional closeness with parents. ② of the locality in question. ②However, they do provide There was little evidence of intensely negative experiences; for information about how a place changed over time, who the example there was, relative to the times in which they lived, major personalities were and the significant events that very little physical punishment for transgressions. ③Nor, on occurred there; or at least those selected by the author for the positive side, was there evidence of extremely intense inclusion. ③If the author is writing from his personal bonds of the sort that can smother independence. ④There experiences, he must be allowed to spend more energy on was more competition among brothers and sisters for parental adding creative twists to a story that already exists. ④Unless love in nuclear families than in extended families. ⑤On a book is extremely large or the district chosen is very small, balance, for those who would grow up to be highly creative, then the author must choose very carefully what he is to relationships with parents were relatively easy and, in later include and their priorities may not be the same as all their life, pleasant and friendly rather than intensely intimate. *autonomy: 자율성 **transgression: 일탈 readers. ⑤It is well worth reading some or preferably all of ***smother: 억누르다 the books written about a locality that your ancestors lived in.

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?152)

Although organizations are offering telecommuting programs in greater numbers than ever before, acceptance and use of these programs are still limited by a number of factors. ① These factors include manager reliance on face-to-face management practices, lack of telecommuting training within an organization, misperceptions of and discomfort with flexible workplace programs, and a lack of information about the effects of telecommuting on an organization’s bottom line. ②Despite these limitations, at the beginning of the 21st century, a new “anytime, anywhere” work culture is emerging. ③Care must be taken to select employees whose personal and working characteristics are best suited for telecommuting. ④Continuing advances in information technology, the expansion of a global workforce, and increased desire to balance work and family are only three of the many factors that will gradually reduce the current barriers to telecommuting as a dominant workforce development. ⑤With implications for organizational cost savings, especially with regard to lower facility costs, increased employee flexibility, and productivity, telecommuting is increasingly of interest to many organizations. *telecommute: (컴퓨터로) 집에서 근무하다

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다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?154)

Speaking fast is a high-risk proposition. It’s nearly impossible to maintain the ideal conditions to be persuasive, well-spoken, and effective when the mouth is traveling well over the speed limit. ①Although we’d like to think that our minds are sharp enough to always make good decisions with the greatest efficiency, they just aren’t. ②In reality, the brain arrives at an intersection of four or five possible things to say and sits idling for a couple of seconds, considering the options. ③Making a good decision helps you speak faster because it provides you with more time to come up with your responses. ④When the brain stops sending navigational instructions back to the mouth and the mouth is moving too fast to pause, that’s when you get a verbal fender bender, otherwise known as filler. ⑤Um, ah, you know, and like are what your mouth does when it has nowhere to go.

Unit 07 이어질 글의 순서

주어진 글 뒤에 이어질 세 개의 단락 (A), (B), (C)의 순서를 올바르게 배열하는 유형이다. 사 건이나 실험, 이야기 등 글의 논리적 흐름이 명확하고 전후 관계가 잘 드러나는 글이 자주 출 제된다.

주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

주어진 글을 읽고 중심 소재가 주제를 파악하고 이어질 내용을 예측한다.

각 단락을 읽으며, 글의 순서를 판단할 수 있는 단서를 찾는다. 이때 대명사 나 지시어, 연결어에 주목한다.

단서를 바탕으로 단락을 재배열하고 흐름이 자연스러운지 확인한다.

STEP 1 주어진 글을 읽고 중심 소재나 주제를 파악하고 이어질 내용을 예측한 다. 주어진 글을 통해 중심 소재는

Your story is what makes you special. But the tricky part is showing how special you are without talking about yourself. Effective personal ‘personal branding(퍼스널브랜딩)‘이 branding isn’t about talking about yourself all the time. 며, 주어진 글 다음에 ’효과적인 (effective)’ 퍼스널 브랜딩의 방법이 나 올 것임을 예측할 수 있다. (A) By doing so, you promote their victories and their ideas, and you become an influencer. You are seen as someone who is not only STEP 2 각 단락을 읽으며, 글의 순서를 helpful, but is also a valuable resource. That helps your brand more 판단할 수 있는 단서를 찾는다. 이 때 than if you just talk about yourself over and over. 대명사나 지시어, 연결어에 주목한다. ① 늘 자기 이야기만 하는 것이 퍼스널 (B) Although everyone would like to think that friends and family are 브랜딩이 아니라고 했으므로 뒤에는 이 eagerly waiting by their computers hoping to hear some news about 것에 대한 부연 설병이나 반대 내용이 what you’re doing, they’re not. 올 것임을 예측할 수 있다. ② ‘사실(Actually)’은 반대의 내용을 (C) Actually, they’re hoping you’re sitting by your computer, waiting 제시하기 전에 쓰인 부사이고, ‘그들 for news about them. The best way to build your personal brand is to (they)’이 가리키는 것은 (B)에서 나온 ‘friends and family’ 이다. talk more about other people, events, and ideas than you talk about yourself. STEP 3 단서를 바탕으로 단락을 재배열 하고 흐름이 자연스러운지 확인한다. ① (A)-(C)-(B) 주어진 글 다음에는 부연 설명으로 일 ④ (C)-(A)-(B) 반적 진술인 (B)가 나오고, 그 다음에는 (B)에서 설명한 내용과 반대되는 내용인 (C)가 이어진 후, (C)의 내용에 대해 부연 설명과 함께 주제를 정리해주는 (A)가 나오는 것이 자연스럽다.

② (B)-(A)-(C) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

[1-4] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? 1.

In the 1760s the American colonies were growing, but the colonists complained that the English government wasn’t meeting their needs and desires.

(A) They sneaked onto an English ship that was anchored in Boston Harbor and dumped the tea into the water. This famous historical event, which is now called the “Boston Tea Party,” escalated into the American Revolution.

(B) However, taxation without representation isn’t found only in history books. Americans living in Washington, D.C. don’t have full representation in the U.S. Congress. They protested this situation by adding the phrase “Taxation without Representation” to their license plates from 2002 until 2017.

(C) The main problem was a situation that was referred to as “taxation without representation.” The colonists believed they shouldn’t have to pay taxes because there were not any representatives of the colonies in the English Parliament. When the Tea Act of 1773 made the colonists pay a tax on the tea, they decided to protest.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

② (B)-(A)-(C) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

Kuzbass is a region in Siberia where more than two million people live. It is also one of the largest coal fields in the world. In 2019, several towns in the area were covered by strange black snow.

(A) All of these strange occurrences are why environmental groups from other countries are calling for stronger regulations in the region. Even if black snow isn’t falling in your country, burning coal still pollutes the air and contributes to global warming.

(B) It was coal dust from open pit mines that blackened the snow. The average life expectancy of Kuzbass citizens is three to four years shorter than the national average, according to a 2015 report.

(C) This black snow was not the only unusual environmental disaster in Siberia in recent years. In 2018, red blood rain fell on a Siberian factory town after industrial waste was picked up by a storm. Shortly after the blood rain, a mysterious dust cloud blocked the sun for 3 hours.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

According to the investment theory of creativity, creativity is a kind of decision. More specifically, it is the decision to buy ideas low and sell them high.

(A) Therefore, the greatest obstacle to creativity doesn’t come from external factors such as general belief and common sense. Instead, it comes from the limitations one places on one’s own thinking.

(B) When creative people have ideas that are considered new and strange, they are “buying low.” Later, after their ideas have been accepted, they can “sell high” and profit from them.

(C) This is a natural process, as creative people refuse to think the same as the crowd. Rather than following a safe path, they choose their own direction and come up with ideas that are unfamiliar to people but also useful in some way.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

② (B)-(A)-(C) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

③ (B)-(C)-(A)

How we obtain knowledge is a fundamental philosophical question. There are two basic schools of thought regarding this issue: empiricism and rationalism.

(A) Rationalists, on the other hand, believe the ultimate starting point for all knowledge is not the senses but reason. These sense experiences, they think, cannot be trusted because everyone has different experiences. They maintain that without reason, we couldn’t organize and interpret our sense experiences in any way.

(B) They believe that the raw data we rely on comes from the senses through which we see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. Without this raw data, they say, there would be no knowledge. This is because empiricists believe we all start with a “blank slate” and then slowly fill it with knowledge as we have experiences.

(C) The main difference between the two is related to how dependent we are on sensory experience in our quest to gain knowledge. According to empiricists, sensory experiences are the essential foundation of all knowledge.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

순서

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주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한

것은?155)

A classic positive­sum game in economic life is the trading of surpluses. (A) One infrastructure that allows efficient exchange is transportation, which makes it possible for producers to trade their surpluses even when they are separated by distance. Another is money, interest, and middlemen, which allow producers to exchange many kinds of surpluses with many other producers at many points in time. (B) If a farmer has more grain than he can eat, and a herder has more milk than he can drink, both of them come out ahead if they trade some wheat for some milk. As they say, everybody wins. Of course, an exchange at a single moment in time only pays when there is a division of labor. (C) There would be no point in one farmer giving a bushel of wheat to another farmer and receiving a bushel of wheat in return. A fundamental insight of modern economics is that the key to the creation of wealth is a division of labor, in which specialists learn to produce a commodity with increasing cost­effectiveness and have the means to exchange their specialized products efficiently.

① (A)­(C)­(B) ② (B)­(A)­(C) ③ (B)­(C)­(A) ④ (C)­(A)­(B) ⑤ (C)­(B)­(A)

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주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한

것은?156)

Human movement can be affected, either positively or negatively, by the environment within which the movement takes place. Consider an athlete who runs the 100 m wearing training shoes. She is unlikely to achieve as good a time wearing these shoes as she would if she wore specifically designed spiked running shoes. (A) Is she there because she really wants to be, or is she

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것은?157)

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

① (A)­(C)­(B) ② (B)­(A)­(C) ③ (B)­(C)­(A) ④ (C)­(A)­(B) ⑤ (C)­(B)­(A)

주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 Forget-me-nots can conquer new territory because they have an army of tiny allies: ants. It’s not that ants are particularly fond of flowers ― at least, they are not attracted by their aesthetic qualities.

(A) This fat-and sugar-rich treat is like chips and chocolate to an ant. The tiny creatures quickly carry the seeds back to their nest, where the colony is waiting eagerly in the tunnels for the calorie boost. The tasty treat is bitten off and the seed itself is discarded. (B) Ants are motivated by their desire to eat them, and their interest is triggered when forget-me-nots form their seeds. The seeds are designed to make an ant’s mouth water, for attached to the outside is a structure called an elaiosome, which looks like a tiny bit of cake. (C) Along come the trash collectors in the form of worker ants, which dispose of the seeds in the neighborhood ― carrying them up to 200 feet away from home base. Wild strawberries and other plants also benefit from this distribution service: ants are nature’s gardeners, as it were. *forget-me-not: 물망초 ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

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것은?158)

Birds use many techniques to save energy when they are flying, most of which are tricks to stay aloft without flapping. (A) When it reaches the top, the bird bends its wings and glides in the direction it wants to travel, searching for the next thermal. All soaring birds take advantage of thermals, but some species, like the Broad-winged Hawk, are specialists and in the right conditions can travel hundreds of miles with almost no flapping. (B) Riding updrafts to gain altitude is one of the most conspicuous. Bare ground such as fields or parking lots absorbs more heat from the sun, and as air near the ground warms up it rises. (C) This creates a column of rising warm air ― a thermal ― reaching hundreds or even thousands of feet high. A soaring bird can sense the air movement and fly in circles to stay in the column. It simply fans its wings and tail and lets the rising air carry it up like an elevator. *aloft: 높이 **thermal: 상승 온난 기류 ***conspicuous: 뚜렷한

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

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것은?159)

Spatial reference points are larger than themselves. This isn’t really a paradox: landmarks are themselves, but they also define neighborhoods around themselves. (A) In a paradigm that has been repeated on many campuses, researchers first collect a list of campus landmarks from students. Then they ask another group of students to estimate the distances between pairs of locations, some to landmarks, some to ordinary buildings on campus. (B) This asymmetry of distance estimates violates the most elementary principles of Euclidean distance, that the distance from A to B must be the same as the distance from B to A. Judgments of distance, then, are not necessarily coherent. (C) The remarkable finding is that distances from an ordinary

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것은?160)

③ (B)-(C)-(A)

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

(A) There is a “good” outcome, in which both types of investments are made, and both the shipyard and the steelmakers end up profitable and happy. Equilibrium is reached. Then there is a “bad” outcome, in which neither type of investment is made. This second outcome also is an equilibrium because the decisions not to invest reinforce each other. (B) Assume that shipyards are the only potential customers of steel. Steel producers figure they’ll make money if there’s a shipyard to buy their steel, but not otherwise. Now we have two possible outcomes ― what economists call “multiple equilibria.” (C) But one key input is low-cost steel, and it must be produced nearby. The company’s decision boils down to this: if there is a steel factory close by, invest in shipbuilding; otherwise, don’t invest. Now consider the thinking of potential steel investors in the region. *equilibrium: 균형 ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

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것은?161)

Regression fallacy is a mistake of causal reasoning due to the failure to consider how things fluctuate randomly, typically around some average condition. Intense pain, exceptional sports performance, and high stock prices are likely to be followed by more subdued conditions eventually due to natural fluctuation. (A) During a period of very intense pain, the patient decided to try alternative therapy like putting a magnetic patch on his back. He felt less pain afterward and concluded that the patch worked. But this could just be the result of regression. (B) Failure to recognize this fact can lead to wrong conclusions about causation. For example, someone might suffer from back pain now and then but nothing seems to solve the problem completely.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

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것은?163)

③ (B)-(C)-(A)

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것은?162)

There was a moment in research history when scientists wondered if the measure of choice ― total minutes of sleep ― was the wrong way of looking at the question of why sleep varies so considerably across species. Instead, they suspected that assessing sleep quality, rather than quantity (time), would shed some light on the mystery. (A) When we can, our understanding of the relationship between sleep quantity and quality across the animal kingdom will likely explain what currently appears to be an incomprehensible map of sleep­time differences. (B) In truth, the way quality is commonly assessed in these investigations (degree of unresponsiveness to the outside world and the continuity of sleep) is probably a poor index of the real biological measure of sleep quality: one that we cannot yet obtain in all these species.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

high-volume products that serve populous customer segments than into risky, less-profitable, low-volume products that may serve current noncustomers. Given that choice, these companies may choose to leave the green segment of the market to small niche competitors. (B) Even if the green product succeeds, it may cannibalize the company’s higher-profit mainstream offerings. Given such downsides, companies serving mainstream consumers with successful mainstream products face what seems like an obvious investment decision. (C) Furthermore, the restrictive ingredient lists and design criteria that are typical of such products may make green products inferior to mainstream products on core performance dimensions (e.g., less effective cleansers). In turn, the higher costs and lower performance of some products attract only a small portion of the customer base, leading to lower economies of scale in procurement, manufacturing, and distribution. *segment: 조각 **cannibalize: 잡아먹다 ***procurement: 조달 ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

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주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것

은?164)

Recently, a number of commercial ventures have been launched that offer social robots as personal home assistants, perhaps eventually to rival existing smart-home assistants. (A) They might be motorized and can track the user around the room, giving the impression of being aware of the people in the environment. Although personal robotic assistants provide services similar to those of smart-home assistants, their social presence offers an opportunity that is unique to social robots. (B) Personal robotic assistants are devices that have no physical manipulation or locomotion capabilities. Instead, they have a distinct social presence and have visual features suggestive of their ability to interact socially, such as eyes, ears, or a mouth. (C) For instance, in addition to playing music, a social personal assistant robot would express its engagement with the music so that users would feel like they are listening to the music together with the robot. These robots can be used as surveillance devices, act as communicative intermediates, engage in richer games, tell stories, or be used to provide encouragement or incentives. *locomotion: 이동 **surveillance: 감시

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

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주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한

것을 고르시오.165)

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

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것을 고르시오.166)

③ (B)-(C)-(A)

③ (B)-(C)-(A)

주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 Darwin saw blushing as uniquely human, representing an involuntary physical reaction caused by embarrassment and self-consciousness in a social environment.

(A) Maybe our brief loss of face benefits the long-term cohesion of the group. Interestingly, if someone blushes after making a social mistake, they are viewed in a more favourable light than those who don’t blush. (B) If we feel awkward, embarrassed or ashamed when we are alone, we don’t blush; it seems to be caused by our concern about what others are thinking of us. Studies have confirmed that simply being told you are blushing brings it on. We feel as though others can see through our skin and into our mind. (C) However, while we sometimes want to disappear when we involuntarily go bright red, psychologists argue that blushing actually serves a positive social purpose. When we blush, it’s a signal to others that we recognize that a social norm has been broken; it is an apology for a faux pas. *faux pas: 실수

The growing complexity of computer software has direct implications for our global safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon which we depend ― things like cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) devices ― transform themselves into computer code. ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) (A) As all this code grows in size and complexity, so too do the number of errors and software bugs. According to a study by Carnegie Mellon University, commercial software typically has twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand lines of code ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5

③ (B)-(C)-(A)

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것을 고르시오.167)

The desire to see and interact with animals, shaped as it is by popular culture, can be a motivating factor for travel, but negative perceptions of certain animals can perform an entirely opposite role in discouraging people from visiting some destinations. (A) For example, there are a variety of t-shirt and tea towel designs which celebrate the dangerous animals that can be encountered in Australia. This is a whimsical reconfiguration of the perceived threat that these animals pose to some tourists considering travel to this country. (B) The harmful effects of animals on tourism experiences has been the subject of analysis in a small number of studies, but deaths or injuries caused by animals to tourists are tiny in comparison to other causes such as drowning and vehicular accidents. (C) Nevertheless, the possibility that they might encounter a dangerous animal such as shark or snake or catch a disease such as malaria is sufficient to stop at least some tourists from visiting destinations where such threats exist. Sometimes this fear is turned into a marketing opportunity. *whimsical: 기발한 **reconfiguration: 재구성

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주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한

것을 고르시오.168)

In the course of acquiring a language, children are exposed to only a finite set of utterances. Yet they come to use and understand an infinite set of sentences. (A) Yet, they all arrive at pretty much the same grammar. The input that children get is haphazard in the sense that caretakers do not talk to their children to illustrate a particular point of grammar. Yet, all children develop systematic knowledge of a language. (B) Thus, despite the severe limitations and variation in the input children receive, and also in their personal circumstances, they all develop a rich and uniform system of linguistic knowledge. The knowledge attained goes

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

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것을 고르시오.169)

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

③ (B)-(C)-(A)

(A) Intuitively and quickly, we mentally sort things into groups based on what we perceive the differences between them to be, and that is the basis for stereotyping. Only afterwards do we examine (or not examine) more evidence of how things are differentiated, and the degree and significance of the variations. (B) Our brain performs these tasks efficiently and automatically, usually without our awareness. The real danger of stereotypes is not their inaccuracy, but their lack of flexibility and their tendency to be preserved, even when we have enough time to stop and consider. (C) For most people, the word stereotype arouses negative connotations: it implies a negative bias. But, in fact, stereotypes do not differ in principle from all other generalizations; generalizations about groups of people are not necessarily always negative. *intuitive: 직관적인 **connotation: 함축 ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

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것을 고르시오.170)

Plants show finely tuned adaptive responses when nutrients are limiting. Gardeners may recognize yellow leaves as a sign of poor nutrition and the need for fertilizer. (A) In contrast, plants with a history of nutrient abundance are risk averse and save energy. At all developmental stages, plants respond to environmental changes or unevenness so as to be able to use their energy for growth, survival, and reproduction, while limiting damage and nonproductive uses of their valuable energy. (B) Research in this area has shown that plants are constantly aware of their position in the environment, in terms of both space and time. Plants that have experienced variable nutrient availability in the past tend to exhibit risk-taking behaviors, such as spending energy on root lengthening instead of leaf production. (C) But if a plant does not have a caretaker to provide supplemental minerals, it can proliferate or lengthen its roots and develop root hairs to allow foraging in more distant soil patches. Plants can also use their memory to respond to histories of temporal or spatial variation in nutrient or resource availability. *nutrient: 영양소 **fertilizer: 비료 ***forage: 구하러 다니다

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주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한

것을 고르시오.171)

Shakespeare wrote, “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” (A) Take the word bridge. In German, bridge (die brǻcke) is a feminine noun; in Spanish, bridge (el puente) is a masculine noun. Boroditsky found that when asked to describe a bridge, native German speakers used words like beautiful, elegant, slender. When native Spanish speakers were asked the same question, they used words like strong, sturdy, towering. (B) According to Stanford University psychology professor Lera Boroditsky, that’s not necessarily so. Focusing on the grammatical gender differences between German and Spanish, Boroditsky’s work indicates that the gender our language assigns to a given noun influences us to

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것을 고르시오.172)

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

(A) You will see that the majority of us are quite ignorant about what lies around us. This is not so puzzling. The most extraordinary fact is that we completely disregard this ignorance. (B) This is best witnessed in visual illusions, which we perceive with full confidence, as if there were no doubt that we are portraying reality faithfully. One interesting way of discovering this — in a simple game that can be played at any moment — is the following. (C) Whenever you are with another person, ask him or her to close their eyes, and start asking questions about what is nearby — not very particular details but the most striking elements of the scene. What is the color of the wall? Is there a table in the room? Does that man have a beard? ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

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것을 고르시오.173)

Negotiation can be defined as an attempt to explore and

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것을 고르시오.174)

prescribed to them. They will observe the regularity of behavior and decide on their own that they ought to conform. They may do so for either rational or moral reasons. negotiation is the identification of areas of common (C) Others may then conform to this behavior for a number of interest and conflict. In this sense, depending on the intentions of the parties, the areas of common interest may be clarified, refined and given negotiated form and substance. *reconcile: 화해시키다 **antagonistic: 적대적인 ***exposition: 설명 ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

reasons. The person who performed the initial action may think that others ought to behave as she behaves in situations of this sort. *sanction: 제재를 가하다 ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

Unit 08 주어진 문장의 위치

글의 흐름상 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 적절한 위치를 고르는 유형이다. 글에서 빠졌을 때 글의 전체 흐름이나 논리에 문제가 생기는 문장이 주로 제시된다.

먼저 주어진 문장의 내용을 정확하게 파악한다.

주어진 문장에 있는 연결어나 지시어, 대명사를 단서로 활용하여 글을 읽고 흐름이 단절되더나 논리적비약이 있는 곳을 찾는다.

선택한 위치에 주어진 문장을 넣어 보고 글의 흐름이 자연스러운지 확인한 다.

글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳 은?

[1-4] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

But what if it stopped helping with our decision-making and instead started deciding whether we were guilty of a crime?

Artificial intelligence has become part of our daily lives. ( ① ) These days it helps us decide what items to buy, what food to eat, and what music to listen to. ( ② ) By recommending different options based on our past behavior, it makes our lives easier. ( ③ ) In 2019 researchers created an AI program that acts like a real judge ― it analyzes past cases and makes its own decisions. ( ④ ) So far, it has been 79% accurate in 584 cases when compared to the decisions of real judges. ( ⑤ ) If the judges or courts remain consistent in their decision that they make, their behavior can be translated into mathematical form and used to predict future decisions of the same judges or courts with a high degree of reliability.

So he wrote a simple screenplay with a straightforward narrative and focused on the visual aspects of the film.

To improve your chances of success, you must maximize your best skills. This is exactly what director James Cameron has done. ( ① ) He started in the movie industry in 1981 as the production designer and second-unit director for the film Galaxy of Terror. ( ② ) He had originally considered himself a screenwriter, but this experience taught him that his real talent was related to special effects. ( ③ ) This enabled him to create cutting-edge special effects and push the boundaries of filmmaking technology. ( ④ ) His later movies, including Titanic (1997) and Avatar (2009), featured digital effects never before seen on movie screens. ( ⑤ ) Cameron’s life-altering realization is a reminder that success often involves finding what you are good at and focusing on it.

Another reason we’re attracted to an extreme adventure is that we want to test our courage.

Generally, fear is viewed as a negative force. However, some activities that are considered scary, such as watching a horror movie or riding a roller coaster, cause us to experience fun and fulfillment. ( ① ) So why do we get pleasure from certain things that scare us? ( ② ) Part of it is the natural high they create, which comes from the activation of our flight-or-fight response in a safe environment. ( ③ ) Because we understand that we’re not actually in danger, we can relax and enjoy the feelings we get from the endorphin and dopamine released by our brains. ( ④ ) These chemicals help us deal with dangerous situations, but they can also make us feel excited and happy. ( ⑤ ) After we’ve finished sky-diving, we have a sense of accomplishment ― we have faced our fears and survived.

Surprisingly, even those as young as 8 months were able to predict how the woman would move.

Adults are able to predict the behavior of others. For example, they can predict that a person who reaches for a glass is going to drink something. Now, social scientists are discovering that very young children have this same ability. ( ① ) Some developmental psychologists did an experiment to find out when and how babies acquire this skill. ( ② ) They showed babies a video in which a woman reached for toys. ( ③ ) Then they showed the same babies another video of a woman doing the same thing. ( ④ ) However, the second video paused just as she began to reach, and during the pause the psychologists tracked the movement of the babies’ eyes. ( ⑤ ) This ability is believed to be important to development because understanding other people’s actions helps babies recognize social cues.

삽입문장

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글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장

적절한 곳은?175)

In order to make some sense of this, an average wind direction over an hour is sometimes calculated, or sometimes the direction that the wind blew from the most during the hour is recorded.

Wind direction is usually measured through the use of a simple vane. ( ① ) This is simply a paddle of some sort mounted on a spindle; when it catches the wind, it turns so that the wind passes by without obstruction. ( ② ) The direction is recorded, but if you ever have a chance to watch a wind vane on a breezy day, you will notice that there is a lot of variation in the direction of wind flow ― a lot! ( ③ ) Sometimes the wind can blow from virtually every direction within a minute or two. ( ④ ) Either way, it is a generalization, and it’s important to remember that there can be a lot of variation in the data. ( ⑤ ) It’s also important to remember that the data recorded at a weather station give an indication of conditions prevailing in an area but will not be exactly the same as the conditions at a landscape some distance from the weather station. *vane: 풍향계 **spindle: 회전축

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적절한 곳은?177)

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적절한 곳은?178)

Some organizations, however, are unbundling in favor of a more itemized approach sometimes called ǿ la carte pricing.

Bundle pricing is packaging together two or more products, usually complementary ones, to be sold for a single price, which is usually considerably less than the sum of the prices of the individual products. ( ① ) Bundle pricing facilitates customer satisfaction and, when slow­moving products are bundled with products with higher turnover, can help a company stimulate sales and increase revenues. ( ② ) Selling products as a package rather than individually also may result in cost savings, so bundle pricing is commonly used for banking and travel services, computers, and automobiles with option packages. ( ③ ) This provides customers with the opportunity to pick and choose the products they want without having to purchase bundles that may not be the right mix for their purposes. ( ④ ) Furthermore, with the help of the Internet, comparison shopping has become more convenient than ever, allowing customers to price items and create their own mixes. ( ⑤ ) Nevertheless, bundle pricing continues to appeal to customers who prefer the convenience of a package. *ǿ la carte pricing: 따로따로 책정하는 가격

글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장

Under such circumstances, recycling previously composed music was the only way to make it more durable.

In the classical period of European music, much musical material was de facto considered common property. ( ① ) When Antonio Vivaldi presented in Venice his opera Rosmira fedele, the score was actually a pastiche in which, among his This doesn’t happen when you encounter this action in own ideas, musicologists later identified ideas by George isolation (‘The man threw the ball’). Frederic Handel, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi and Johann Adolph Hasse, among others. ( ② ) As far as recycling of Whenever you perform a specific action (say, throwing a segments of music initially written for other occasions into ball) your brain fires off in a very specific pattern. ( ① ) new pieces is concerned, it needs to be observed how today Interestingly, whenever you imagine yourself performing this composers are discouraged from doing so for a number of same action, your brain fires off in almost the same pattern. ( reasons. (③)A practical one is that each new piece is sure ② ) This is why mental rehearsal is such a prominent to remain available, in score or as an audio file. ( ④ ) In the technique in sports training: the brain doesn’t draw a strict 18th century, on the contrary, once the particular occasion for distinction between the real and the imagined. ( ③ ) Here’s performing a new piece was over, it became almost the best bit: whenever you hear a story about a person impossible to ever hear it again. ( ⑤ ) And if new pieces performing this same action (throwing a ball) your brain will also contained ideas from other composers, that would fire off in almost the same pattern. ( ④ ) But as soon as re-enforce European musical traditions by increasing the it’s embedded within a narrative your brain will respond circulation of melodies and harmonic patterns people loved to largely as though you were performing the action. ( ⑤ ) This hear. means we do not simply listen to stories ― we experience *de facto: 사실상 **pastiche: 혼성곡(混成曲) stories. ***segment: 부분

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글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장

적절한 곳은?176)

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적절한 곳은?179)

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적절한 곳은?181)

In this analogy, the microbes of mathematics are the earliest This is particularly true since one aspect of sleep is decreased topics: numbers, shapes, and word problems.

The era of unicellular life lasted for about three and half

responsiveness to the environment.

The role that sleep plays in evolution is still under study. ( billion years, dominating most of the Earth’s history. But ① ) One possibility is that it is an advantageous adaptive around half a billion years ago, during the Cambrian state of decreased metabolism for an animal when there are explosion, a diversity of multicellular life including major no more pressing activities. ( ② ) This seems true for deeper animal groups emerged in short period. Similarly, calculus was states of inactivity such as hibernation during the winter when the Cambrian explosion for mathematics. ( ① ) Once it there are few food supplies, and a high metabolic cost to arrived, an amazing diversity of mathematical fields began to maintaining adequate temperature. ( ③ ) It may be true in evolve. ( ② ) Their lineage is visible in their calculus-based daily situations as well, for instance for a prey species to names, in adjectives like differential and integral and analytic, avoid predators after dark. ( ④ ) On the other hand, the as in differential geometry, integral equations, and analytic apparent universality of sleep, and the observation that number theory. ( ③ ) These advanced branches of mammals such as cetaceans have developed such highly mathematics are like the many branches and species of complex mechanisms to preserve sleep on at least one side multicellular life. ( ④ ) Like unicellular organisms, they of the brain at a time, suggests that sleep additionally dominated the mathematical scene for most of its history. ( provides some vital service(s) for the organism. ( ⑤ ) If sleep ⑤ ) But after the Cambrian explosion of calculus three is universal even when this potential price must be paid, the hundred and fifty years ago, new mathematical life forms implication may be that it has important functions that cannot began to flourish, and they altered the landscape around be obtained just by quiet, wakeful resting. them. *microbe: 미생물 **calculus: 미적법 ***lineage: 계보

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적절한 곳은?180)

A problem, however, is that supervisors often work in locations apart from their employees and therefore are not able to observe their subordinates’ performance.

In most organizations, the employee’s immediate supervisor evaluates the employee’s performance. ( ① ) This is because the supervisor is responsible for the employee’s performance, providing supervision, handing out assignments, and developing the employee. ( ② ) Should supervisors rate employees on performance dimensions they cannot observe? ( ③ ) To eliminate this dilemma, more and more organizations are implementing assessments referred to as 360-degree evaluations. ( ④ ) Employees are rated not only by their supervisors but by coworkers, clients or citizens, professionals in other agencies with whom they work, and subordinates. ( ⑤ ) The reason for this approach is that often coworkers and clients or citizens have a greater opportunity to observe an employee’s performance and are in a better position to evaluate many performance dimensions. *subordinate: 부하 직원

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적절한 곳은?182)

*metabolism: 신진대사 **mammal: 포유동물

글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장

Actually, it does, but there is more room for the moisture to be absorbed in these less densely packed areas before it shows.

Why does the skin on the extremities wrinkle after a bath? And why only the extremities? Despite its appearance, your skin isn’t shrinking after your bath. Actually, it is expanding. ( ① ) The skin on the fingers, palms, toes, and soles wrinkles only after it is soaked with water. ( ② ) The stratum corneum — the thick, dead, rough layer of the skin that protects us from the environment and that makes the skin on our hands and feet tougher and thicker than that on our stomachs or faces — expands when it soaks up water. ( ③ ) This expansion causes the wrinkling effect. ( ④ ) So why doesn’t the skin on other parts of the body also wrinkle when soaked? ( ⑤ ) One doctor we contacted said that soldiers whose feet are submerged in wet boots for a long period will exhibit wrinkling all over the covered area. *extremities: 손발 **submerge: (물에) 잠그다

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적절한 곳은?183)

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적절한 곳은?185)

It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to Also, it has become difficult for companies to develop new understand the relationships between the structural elements pesticides, even those that can have major beneficial effects of materials and their properties.

The earliest humans had access to only a very limited

and few negative effects.

Simply maintaining yields at current levels often requires new number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, cultivars and management methods, since pests and diseases clay, skins, and so on. ( ① ) With time, they discovered continue to evolve, and aspects of the chemical, physical, and techniques for producing materials that had properties social environment can change over several decades. ( ① ) In superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials the 1960s, many people considered pesticides to be mainly included pottery and various metals. ( ② ) Furthermore, it beneficial to mankind. ( ② ) Developing new, broadly was discovered that the properties of a material could be effective, and persistent pesticides often was considered to be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other the best way to control pests on crop plants. ( ③ ) Since substances. ( ③ ) At this point, materials utilization was that time, it has become apparent that broadly effective totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, pesticides can have harmful effects on beneficial insects, rather limited set of materials, the one best suited for an which can negate their effects in controlling pests, and that application based on its characteristics. ( ④ ) This knowledge, persistent pesticides can damage non-target organisms in the acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has ecosystem, such as birds and people. ( ④ ) Very high costs empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the are involved in following all of the procedures needed to gain characteristics of materials. ( ⑤ ) Thus, tens of thousands of government approval for new pesticides. ( ⑤ ) Consequently, different materials have evolved with rather specialized more consideration is being given to other ways to manage characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and pests, such as incorporating greater resistance to pests into complex society, including metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.

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적절한 곳은?184)

Personal stories connect with larger narratives to generate new identities.

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적절한 곳은?186)

cultivars by breeding and using other biological control methods. *pesticide: 살충제 **cultivar: 품종 ***breed: 개량하다

This makes sense from the perspective of information reliability.

The dynamics of collective detection have an interesting feature. Which cue(s) do individuals use as evidence of The growing complexity of the social dynamics determining predator attack? In some cases, when an individual detects a food choices makes the job of marketers and advertisers predator, its best response is to seek shelter. ( ① ) Departure increasingly more difficult. ( ① ) In the past, mass production from the group may signal danger to nonvigilant animals and allowed for accessibility and affordability of products, as well cause what appears to be a coordinated flushing of prey as their wide distribution, and was accepted as a sign of from the area. ( ② ) Studies on dark-eyed juncos (a type of progress. ( ② ) Nowadays it is increasingly replaced by the bird) support the view that nonvigilant animals attend to fragmentation of consumers among smaller and smaller departures of individual group mates but that the departure of segments that are supposed to reflect personal preferences. ( multiple individuals causes a greater escape response in the ③ ) Everybody feels different and special and expects nonvigilant individuals. ( ③ ) If one group member departs, it products serving his or her inclinations. ( ④ ) In reality, these might have done so for a number of reasons that have little supposedly individual preferences end up overlapping with to do with predation threat. ( ④ ) If nonvigilant animals emerging, temporary, always changing, almost tribal escaped each time a single member left the group, they formations solidifying around cultural sensibilities, social would frequently respond when there was no predator (a identifications, political sensibilities, and dietary and health false alarm). ( ⑤ ) On the other hand, when several concerns. ( ⑤ ) These consumer communities go beyond individuals depart the group at the same time, a true threat national boundaries, feeding on global and widely shared is much more likely to be present. repositories of ideas, images, and practices. *predator: 포식자 **vigilant: 경계하는 *fragmentation: 파편화 **repository: 저장소 ***flushing: 날아오름

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적절한 곳은?187)

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적절한 곳은?189)

By now designers worked predominately within factories and In particular, they define a group as two or more people who no longer designed for individuals but for mass markets.

Earliest indications of the need for inspiration for fashion

interact with, and exert mutual influences on, each other.

In everyday life, we tend to see any collection of people as direction are possibly evidenced by a number of British a group. ( ① ) However, social psychologists use this term manufacturers visiting the United States in around 1825 where more precisely. ( ② ) It is this sense of mutual interaction or they were much inspired by lightweight wool blend fabrics inter-dependence for a common purpose which distinguishes produced for outerwear. The ready-to-wear sector was the members of a group from a mere aggregation of established much earlier in America than in Britain and with it individuals. ( ③ ) For example, as Kenneth Hodge observed, came new challenges. ( ① ) Previously garments were a collection of people who happen to go for a swim after custom-made by skilled individuals who later became known work on the same day each week does not, strictly speaking, as or recognized as being fashion designers. ( ② ) These constitute a group because these swimmers do not interact handmade garments that are now accepted as being the with each other in a structured manner. ( ④ ) By contrast, fashion garments of that time were only made for those with a squad of young competitive swimmers who train every the means to pay for them. ( ③ ) The lesser-privileged mass morning before going to school is a group because they not market wore homemade and handed down garments. ( ④ ) only share a common objective (training for competition) but Later, by the end of the industrial revolution, fashion was also interact with each other in formal ways (e.g., by more readily available and affordable to all classes. ( ⑤ ) warming up together beforehand). ( ⑤ ) It is this sense of Thus the direct communication link between the designer and people coming together to achieve a common objective that client no longer existed and designers had to rely on defines a “team”. anticipating the needs and desires of the new fashion consumer.

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적절한 곳은?190)

*exert: 발휘하다 **aggregation: 집합

On top of the hurdles introduced in accessing his or her money, if a suspected fraud is detected, the account holder This is why it is difficult to wake up from or scream out has to deal with the phone call asking if he or she made during a nightmare. the suspicious transactions.

적절한 곳은?188)

Most dreaming occurs during REM sleep. ( ① ) REM stands

Each new wave of technology is intended to enhance user for Rapid Eye Movement, a stage of sleep discovered by convenience, as well as improve security, but sometimes these Professor Nathaniel Kleitman at the University of Chicago in do not necessarily go hand-in-hand. For example, the 1958. ( ② ) Along with a medical student, Eugene Aserinsky, transition from magnetic stripe to embedded chip slightly he noted that when people are sleeping, they exhibit rapid slowed down transactions, sometimes frustrating customers in eye movement, as if they were “looking” at something. ( a hurry. ( ① ) Make a service too burdensome, and the ③ ) Ongoing research by Kleitman and Aserinsky concluded potential customer will go elsewhere. ( ② ) This obstacle that it was during this period of rapid eye movement that applies at several levels. ( ③ ) Passwords, double-key people dream, yet their minds are as active as someone who identification, and biometrics such as fingerprint-, iris-, and is awake. ( ④ ) Interestingly enough, studies have found that voice recognition are all ways of keeping the account details along with rapid eye movement, our heart rates increase and hidden from potential fraudsters, of keeping your data dark. ( our respiration is also elevated — yet our bodies do not move ④ ) But they all inevitably add a burden to the use of the and are basically paralyzed due to a nerve center in the account. ( ⑤ ) This is all useful at some level ― indeed, it brain that keeps our bodies motionless besides some can be reassuring knowing that your bank is keeping alert to occasional twitches and jerks. ( ⑤ ) To sum it up, during the protect you ― but it becomes tiresome if too many such calls REM dream state, your mind is busy but your body is at rest. are received. *twitch: 씰룩거림 *fraud: 사기

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적절한 곳은?191)

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적절한 곳은?193)

However, after all the available materials on the Earth’s There’s a reason for that: traditionally, park designers surface, mostly iron, had combined with the free oxygen, it attempted to create such a feeling by planting tall trees at began to appear in the atmosphere in sizable quantities.

Water molecules circulate through the atmosphere as a result of evaporation. ( ① ) As water molecules rise high up

park boundaries, building stone walls, and constructing other means of partition.

Parks take the shape demanded by the cultural concerns of in the atmosphere, they may split up into their constituent their time. Once parks are in place, they are no inert stage — chemical elements, hydrogen and oxygen, under the influence their purposes and meanings are made and remade by of sunlight. ( ② ) Whereas the much heavier oxygen either planners and by park users. Moments of park creation are remains in the atmosphere or is captured on the Earth’s particularly telling, however, for they reveal and actualize surface, the hydrogen tends to escape into space, because it ideas about nature and its relationship to urban society. ( ① is so light that Earth’s gravity cannot retain it. ( ③ ) As ) Indeed, what distinguishes a park from the broader category long as there was little or no free oxygen in the atmosphere of public space is the representation of nature that parks are that could capture hydrogen before it escaped into the meant to embody. ( ② ) Public spaces include parks, concrete cosmos, this process would have continued unhindered. ( ④ ) plazas, sidewalks, even indoor atriums. ( ③ ) Parks typically As soon as this happened, the free oxygen would have have trees, grass, and other plants as their central features. ( captured most of the free hydrogen by forming water ④ ) When entering a city park, people often imagine a sharp molecules again, thus slowing down the loss of hydrogen. ( separation from streets, cars, and buildings. ( ⑤ ) What’s ⑤ ) Over the course of time, this process would have helped behind this idea is not only landscape architects’ desire to to retain water on Earth, while it also contributed to the design aesthetically suggestive park spaces, but a much emergence of oxygen in the atmosphere.

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적절한 곳은?192)

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적절한 곳은?194)

longer history of Western thought that envisions cities and nature as antithetical spaces and oppositional forces. *aesthetically: 미적으로 **antithetical: 대조적인

글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장

Charred bones or even carbon deposits from an ancient campfire can be informative documents to people who know It may be easier to reach an agreement when settlement how to read them. terms don’t have to be implemented until months in the future. The evolutionary history of a species or a disease is like any other kind of history. ( ① ) There is no experiment, in the Negotiators should try to find ways to slice a large issue usual sense, that we can do now to decide how long ago into smaller pieces, known as using salami tactics. ( ① ) our ancestors first started to use fires for cooking or other Issues that can be expressed in quantitative, measurable units purposes and what subsequent evolutionary effects that are easy to slice. ( ② ) For example, compensation demands change may have had. ( ② ) History can be investigated only can be divided into cents-per-hour increments or lease rates by examining the records it has left. ( ③ ) Likewise, the can be quoted as dollars per square foot. ( ③ ) When chemical structure of proteins and DNA may be read to working to fractionate issues of principle or precedent, parties reveal relationships among now strikingly different organisms. ( may use the time horizon (when the principle goes into effect ④ ) Until a time machine is invented, we will not be able to or how long it will last) as a way to fractionate the issue. ( go back and watch the evolution of major traits, but we can ④ ) Another approach is to vary the number of ways that nonetheless reconstruct prehistoric events by the records they the principle may be applied. ( ⑤ ) For example, a company left in fossils, carbon traces, structures, and behavioral may devise a family emergency leave plan that allows tendencies, as well as protein and DNA structures. ( ⑤ ) Even employees the opportunity to be away from the company for when we cannot reconstruct the history of a trait, we can a period of no longer than three hours, and no more than often still be confident that it was shaped by natural once a month, for illness in the employee’s immediate selection. family. *charred: (탄화로) 까맣게 된 *increment: 증가 **fractionate: 세분하다

Unit 09 요약문

글의 내용을 한 문장으로 압축한 요약문의 두 빈칸에 들어갈 적절한 말을 고르는 유형이다. 빈칸에 들어갈 선택지는 명사(구), 동사(구), 형용사 등의 형태로 제시된다.

제시된 요약문을 먼저 읽고 글의 중심 소재와 내용을 추측한다.

본문을 읽으며 글의 중심 내용에 부합하는 단어나 어구, 문장을 찾는다.

핵심 어구의 주제문을 요약문과 비교하여 선택지에서 빈칸에 들어갈 적절한 단어를 찾는다.

다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There was an experiment conducted in 1995 by Sheena Iyengar, a professor of business at Columbia University. In a California gourmet market, Professor Iyengar and her research assistants set up a booth of samples of jams. Every few hours, they switched

STEP 1 제시된 요약문을 먼저 읽고 글의 중심 소재와 내용을 추측한다.

잼을 선택하는 실험이 실시된 것을 알 수 있고, 선택권이 많은 것과 실제 구매 와의 연관성에 대해 나올 것임을 추측할 from offering an assortment of 24 bottles of jam to an assortment 수 있다. of just six bottles of jam. On average, customers tasted two jams, regardless of the size of the assortment, and each one received a coupon good for $1 off one jar of jam. Here’s the interesting part. STEP 2 본문을 읽으며 글의 중심 내용 Sixty percent of customers were drawn to the large assortment, 에 부합하는 단어나 어구, 문장을 찾는다. while only 40 percent stopped by the small one. But 30 percent of ▶ were drawn to (>appealing), large the people who had sampled from the small assortment decided to assortment(>more choices) buy jam, while only three percent of those confronted with the two ▶ 잼 모음이 적을 때 판매가 더 많았다 dozen jams purchased a jar. Effectively, a greater number of people 는 것은 잼 모음이 많을 때는 판매가 좋 bought jam when the assortment size was 6 than when it was 24. 았다 (lowered, reduced)는 것을 뜻한다.

(A) ① appealing ② appealing ③ overwhelming ④ unattractive ⑤ unattractive

*assortment 모음

(B) raised lowered increased reduced heightened

STEP 3 핵심 어구와 주제문을 요약문과 비교하여 선택지에서 빈칸에 들어갈 적절 한 단어를 찾는다. 글의 요지를 반영하면 ‘비록 실험에 참가 했던 고객들이 더 많은 잼의 선택권을 (A) 매력적이라고(appealing) 생각했지만, 그들에게 더 많은 선택권을 부여하는 것 은 그들이 잼을 구매할 가능성을 (B) 낮 추었다(lowered).’라는 내용이 되어야 하 므로 ②가 정답이다.

[1-4] 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장을 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적적 한 것은?

Silver has been used as a form of currency for centuries. It actually helped connect Eastern and Western civilizations during the Middle Ages. At that time silver was not common in China, so it was considered a valuable form of currency. Europeans used silver to buy Chinese goods that were transported along the Silk Road, a 4,000-mile trading route that connected China to Europe. Silver also played a role in helping people stay healthy in the 18th century. The phrase “born with a silver spoon in your mouth” is often used to mean someone was born into a wealthy family. But there is more to it than that. Babies who were fed with silver spoons were thought to be healthier than those who were fed with wooden spoons. Before modern medicine developed, people knew that silver had an antibacterial function against bacteria and germs that contributed to disease.

In the past, silver was used not only to facilitate (A) but also for (B) purposes to help protect babies from bacteria.

(A) invasions

① ② construction ③ ④ ⑤

transactions tourism production

(B) medical medical medical political political

The most common question people ask when they set goals is “What do I want to achieve?” However, if you’re serious about setting goals and then reaching them, you should ask yourself a different question: “What kind of pain am I willing to endure to achieve my goal?” Simply having a goal is easy. Who wouldn’t want to enter the best university, lose weight, or be a millionaire? Everybody wants to achieve these goals. The real challenge is not choosing what you want; it is deciding if you are ready to make the necessary sacrifices to get it. Don’t think about the rewards you will receive for reaching your goal. Think about the process of getting there ― the hard work, the unwanted changes to your lifestyle, and the endless hours of boring practice. Every athlete wants to be a champion. Few, however, are willing to work hard enough to become one.

When setting a goal, you should consider the (A) you will face along the way rather than focusing on a successful (B).

①②③④ compensation ⑤

enemies

Majority influence pressures members of a group to comply to its norms, although a few individuals in the group may retain a different view. Although most group members are unlikely to accept a minority’s point of view, if the view is unusual or novel, some members may choose to consider it. They do this based on its merits, rather than whether or not it complies with the group’s norms, which may cause them to question their existing views. As a result, a minority view can become internalized by these members of a group. A good example of this took place in the UK during the 1910s, when the suffragette movement challenged the status quo, which restricted the right to vote to male citizens. The minority group insisted that this was unfair and tried to persuade the majority to accept its views regarding women’s rights. Eventually, women were given the right to vote in 1918.

*suffragette 참정권 status quo 현재의 상황, 현상

While minority influence involves (A) popular opinion and group norms, sometimes their point of view is (B) by the majority in the long term.

analyzing ④ challenging ⑤ promoting

Intuition is an inexplicable feeling that something is true even though we have no proof or evidence that it really is. When it comes to philosophy and science, intuition plays a complicated role. Intuition alone can’t be a dependable source of information. Just because we feel something is true doesn’t mean it is. That is why intuition is often questioned by philosophers, especially scientists. Nevertheless, intuition can be a vital source of inspiration for both scientists and philosophers. It can inspire scientists to come up with fresh ideas and design new experiments that will lead to the discovery of truth. Similarly, intuition plays an important role in philosophy as well, for most good philosophical arguments contain a mixture of intuition and logic. Logic is like a powerful machine for analyzing and evaluating ideas. Before using the machine, however, you should have some “raw material” to feed it, and often, that’s where intuition fits in.

Intuition is too (A) to be trusted without first being tested, but it is (B) in developing new insights and knowledge.

(A) complex unreliable logical partial inspirational

①②③④⑤

(B) unacceptable essential fundamental unacceptable essential

요약문

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다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈

칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?195)

The rise of large, industrial cities has had social consequences that are often known as urbanism. The city dissolves the informal controls of the village or small town. Most urban residents are unknown to one another, and most social interactions in cities occur between people who know each other only in specific roles, such as parking attendant, store clerk, or customer. Individuals became more free to live as they wished, and in ways that break away from social norms. In response, and because the high density of city living requires the pliant coordination of many thousands of people, urban societies have developed a wide range of methods to control urban behavior. These include regulations that control private land use, building construction and maintenance (to minimize fire risk), and the production of pollution and noise. *pliant: 유순한 The social conditions in large, industrial cities made urban societies (A)____________ the informal controls of the village or small town, introducing (B)_____________ measures to effectively induce coordinated urban behaviors. (A) ① limit ② maintain ③ evaluate ④ remove ⑤ reinforce

(B) permissive restrictive indirect restrictive permissive

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?196)

Experiments suggest that animals, just like humans, tend to prefer exaggerated, supernormal stimuli, and that a preference can rapidly propel itself to extreme levels (peak shift effect). In one experiment, through food rewards rats were conditioned to prefer squares to other geometric forms. In the next step, a non-square rectangle was introduced and associated with an even larger reward than the square. As expected, the rats learned to reliably prefer the rectangle. Less predictable was the third part of the experiment. The rats were offered the opportunity to choose between the rectangle they already knew and associated with large rewards and another rectangle, the proportions of which were even more different from those of a square. Interestingly, rats picked this novel variant, without undergoing any reward-based conditioning in favor of it. A possible explanation is thus that they chose the larger difference from the original square (i.e., the exaggeration of non-squareness). In an experiment, after first establishing an (A)____________ to squares, and then to non-square rectangles, rats were seen to pursue (B)____________ rectangularity even without any additional reward. (B) severe familiar vague unexpected subtle

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?197)

The evolutionary process works on the genetic variation that

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?198)

As a social species, should we not all be synchronized and is available. It follows that natural selection is unlikely to lead therefore awake at the same time to promote maximal to the evolution of perfect, ‘maximally fit’ individuals. human interactions? Perhaps not. Humans likely evolved to Rather, organisms come to match their environments by being co-sleep as families or even whole tribes, not alone or as ‘the fittest available’ or ‘the fittest yet’: they are not couples. Appreciating this evolutionary context, the benefits of ‘the best imaginable’. Part of the lack of fit arises because such genetically programmed variation in sleep/wake timing the present properties of an organism have not all originated preferences can be understood. The night people in the group in an environment similar in every respect to the one in would not be going to sleep until one or two a.m., and not which it now lives. Over the course of its evolutionary history, waking until nine or ten a.m. The morning people, on the an organism’s remote ancestors may have evolved a set of other hand, would have retired for the night at nine p.m. and characteristics ― evolutionary ‘baggage’ ― that subsequently woken at five a.m. Consequently, the group as a whole is constrain future evolution. For many millions of years, the only collectively vulnerable (i.e., every person asleep) for just evolution of vertebrates has been limited to what can be four rather than eight hours, despite everyone still getting the achieved by organisms with a vertebral column. Moreover, chance for eight hours of sleep. That’s potentially a 50 much of what we now see as precise matches between an percent increase in survival fitness. Mother Nature would never organism and its environment may equally be seen as pass on a biological trait — here, the useful variability in when constraints: koala bears live successfully on Eucalyptus foliage, individuals within a collective tribe go to sleep and wake up but, from another perspective, koala bears cannot live without — that could enhance the survival safety and thus fitness of a Eucalyptus foliage. *vertebrate: 척추동물

species by this amount. And so she hasn’t. *synchronize: 동시성을 갖게 하다 **vulnerable: 취약한 The survival characteristics that an organism currently carries Individuals have (A)____________ in the time of the day when may act as a(n) (A)____________ to its adaptability when the they prefer to sleep and wake up, which could promote their organism finds itself coping with changes that arise in its (B)____________ as a group. (B)____________. (A) (A) ① improvement ② obstacle ③ advantage ④ regulator ⑤ guide

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?199)

Research for historical fiction may focus on

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?200)

Music has no past; it exists only at the moment when it under-documented ordinary people, events, or sites. Fiction happens, and no two performances are identical. This is helps portray everyday situations, feelings, and atmosphere music’s greatest asset because it brings out the essential that recreate the historical context. Historical fiction adds ‘now’ without implications of a past and a potential future. “flesh to the bare bones that historians are able to uncover Thus, Stravinsky pointed out that only through music are we and by doing so provides an account that while not able to ‘realize the present.’ Musical ‘meaning’ cannot necessarily true provides a clearer indication of past events, be separated from the act of presentation. However, the circumstances and cultures.” Fiction adds color, sound, necessity of present-ing music — making it present here and drama to the past, as much as it invents parts of the past. now, without which it will not be music at all — does not sit And Robert Rosenstone argues that invention is not the easily with a concept of education that rests mainly upon weakness of films, it is their strength. Fiction can allow users received factual knowledge and which, by tradition, uses the to see parts of the past that have never — for lack of archives

past to make sense of the present. If we want music to have — been represented. In fact, Gilden Seavey explains that if a role in general education, it would seem logical to producers of historical fiction had strongly held the strict acknowledge this difference and give prominence to activities academic standards, many historical subjects would remain that will involve all pupils working directly with music. Yet, in unexplored for lack of appropriate evidence. Historical fiction spite of numerous attempts to develop a more musical music should, therefore, not be seen as the opposite of professional curriculum for the majority of school pupils, the emphasis is history, but rather as a challenging representation of the past still on pupils absorbing factual information about music. from which both public historians and popular audiences may learn.

Music’s quality of being in the present is (A)____________ in formal music education, where delivering factual knowledge is While historical fiction reconstructs the past using (B)____________. (A)____________ evidence, it provides an inviting description, which may (B)____________ people’s understanding of (A) historical events.

(A) ① insignificant ② insufficient ③ concrete ④ outdated ⑤ limited

① overlooked ② overlooked ③ dismissed ④ achieved ⑤ achieved

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?201)

Even those with average talent can produce notable work in

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?202)

Why would languages and religions increase rapidly around the various sciences, so long as they do not try to embrace the equator, and why is their frequency also related to all of them at once. Instead, they should concentrate attention ethnocentrism? The answer to these questions lies in the fact on one subject after another (that is, in different periods of that pathogen density is much higher in the tropics than it is time), although later work will weaken earlier attainments in in temperate and cold climates. When you live in Sweden, the other spheres. This amounts to saying that the brain chances are good that any group within five hundred miles adapts to universal science in time but not in space. In fact, has been exposed to the same few pathogens. In contrast, even those with great abilities proceed in this way. Thus, when you live in the Congo, the group on the other side of when we are astonished by someone with publications in the valley may well have been exposed to a pathogen with different scientific fields, realize that each topic was explored which you’ve had no prior contact. For this reason, humans during a specific period of time. Knowledge gained earlier in the tropics learned that when they interacted with other certainly will not have disappeared from the mind of the groups they tended to get sick, so they would have stopped author, but it will have become simplified by condensing into doing it. In a pre‑scientific world, it was logical to blame their formulas or greatly abbreviated symbols. Thus, sufficient space neighbors for their illness, and therefore to dislike them. remains for the perception and learning of new images on Dislike and fear kept neighbors apart, and once you don’t the cerebral blackboard. *condense: 응축하다 **cerebral: 대뇌의 Exploring one scientific subject after another (A)____________

interact with others anymore, your languages and religions naturally divide as well. *ethnocentrism: 자민족 중심주의 **pathogen: 병원균 remarkable work across the sciences, as the previously gained High pathogen density can contribute to the (A)____________ knowledge is retained in simplified forms within the brain, of languages and religions by (B)____________ people’s which (B)____________ room for new learning. (A) ① enables ② challenges ③ delays ④ requires ⑤ invites

leaves spares creates removes diminishes

interactions with their neighboring groups, as was shown in the regions around the equator. (B) discouraging delaying expanding discouraging expanding

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?203)

Martin Grunwald, leader of the Haptic Research Laboratory

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?204)

Mobilities in transit offer a broad field to be explored by at the University of Leipzig, feels psychologists do not pay different disciplines in all faculties, in addition to the nearly enough attention to our sense of touch. With this in humanities. In spite of increasing acceleration, for example in mind, he researched the way people spontaneously touch travelling through geographical or virtual space, our body their faces. We all do it. You might be doing it right now becomes more and more a passive non-moving container, while reading this. These movements are not for which is transported by artefacts or loaded up with inner communication and, in most cases, we are not even aware feelings of being mobile in the so-called information society. of them. But that does not mean they serve no purpose, as Technical mobilities turn human beings into some kind of Grunwald discovered. He measured the brain activity of test terminal creatures, who spend most of their time at rest and subjects while they tried to remember a sequence of haptic who need to participate in sports in order to balance their stimuli for five minutes. When he disturbed them with daily disproportion of motion and rest. Have we come closer unpleasant noises, the subjects dramatically increased the rate to Aristotle’s image of God as the immobile mover, when at which they touched their faces. When the noises upset the elites exercise their power to move money, things and people, rhythm of their brains and threatened to disrupt the while they themselves do not need to move at all? Others, at subjects’ concentration, self-touch helped them get their the bottom of this power, are victims of mobility-structured concentration back on track. To put it another way: self-touch social exclusion. They cannot decide how and where to move, grounded their minds. *haptic: 촉각의

but are just moved around or locked out or even locked in without either the right to move or the right to stay. Even though touching our own faces seems to serve no In a technology and information society, human beings, whose special purpose, the research showed that the rate of bodily movement is less (A)____________, appear to have subjects’ self-touch (A)____________ in accordance with the gained increased mobility and power, and such a exposure to unpleasant noises, and this behavior helped their mobility-related human condition raises the issue of social minds stay (B)____________. (B)____________.

(A) ① necessary ② necessary ③ limited ④ desirable ⑤ desirable

(B) inequality growth consciousness service divide

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?205)

There is no question that losing weight is hard. According to

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?206)

A striving to demonstrate individual personality through one calculation, you must walk 35 miles or jog for seven designs should not be surprising. Most designers are hours to lose just one pound. One big problem with exercise educated to work as individuals, and design literature contains is that we don’t track it very scrupulously. A study in countless references to ‘the designer’. Personal flair is America found that people overestimated the number of without doubt an absolute necessity in some product calories they burned in a workout by a factor of four. They categories, particularly relatively small objects, with a low also then consumed, on average, about twice as many degree of technological complexity, such as furniture, lighting, calories as they had just burned off. As Daniel Lieberman small appliances, and housewares. In larger-scale projects, noted in The Story of the Human Body, a worker on a factory however, even where a strong personality exercises powerful floor will in a year expend about 175,000 more calories than influence, the fact that substantial numbers of designers are a desk worker — equivalent to more than sixty marathons. employed in implementing a concept can easily be That’s pretty impressive, but here’s a reasonable question: overlooked. The emphasis on individuality is therefore how many factory workers look as if they run a marathon problematic ― rather than actually designing, many successful every six days? To be cruelly blunt, not many. That’s designer ‘personalities’ function more as creative because most of them, like most of the rest of us, replace all managers. A distinction needs to be made between designers those burnt calories, and then some, when they are not working truly alone and those working in a group. In the working. *scrupulously: 용의주도하게 Losing weight is hard because people usually think they

latter case, management organization and processes can be equally as relevant as designers’ creativity. *strive: 애쓰다 **flair: 재능 burned a (A)____________ number of calories than they Depending on the (A)____________ of a project, the capacity actually did and (B)____________ exercise by eating a lot of of designers to (B)____________ team-based working food.

(A) (B) ① size ② cost ③ size ④ cost ⑤ goal

environments can be just as important as their personal qualities.

coordinate systematize identify innovate investigate

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?207)

Put a hamster on a wheel, and it will start running. Give

2022_11월_고3_대수능_40

칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?208)

“Craftsmanship” may suggest a way of life that declined the hamster a treat, and it will run even longer. Stop with the arrival of industrial society — but this is misleading. dispensing the treats, and the hamster will stop running —

Craftsmanship names an enduring, basic human impulse, the completely. The original motivation has thereby become desire to do a job well for its own sake. Craftsmanship cuts extinguished. The school system has been taking advantage a far wider swath than skilled manual labor; it serves the of this psychological feature by replacing young children’s computer programmer, the doctor, and the artist; parenting natural curiosity and joy of discovery with praise, grades, and improves when it is practiced as a skilled craft, as does other short‑term performance boosters. As the story goes, citizenship. In all these domains, craftsmanship focuses on there once was an old man who enjoyed watching sunsets objective standards, on the thing in itself. Social and from his porch. One day, a bunch of kids came over and economic conditions, however, often stand in the way of the started playing loudly in front of his house. The man asked craftsman’s discipline and commitment: schools may fail to the kids to move over, but they ignored him. Next day, the provide the tools to do good work, and workplaces may not children came again. The man called them over, gave each truly value the aspiration for quality. And though one a nickel, and asked them to make as much noise as craftsmanship can reward an individual with a sense of pride they possibly could — to which they happily obliged. The man in work, this reward is not simple. The craftsman often faces kept regularly handing out coins, until one day he told the conflicting objective standards of excellence; the desire to do kids that he was no longer paying them. “Then we aren’t something well for its own sake can be weakened by going to make noise for you,” the children announced — and competitive pressure, by frustration, or by obsession. left. Craftsmanship, a human desire that has (A)____________ over It is possible to (A)____________ an individual’s willingness time in diverse contexts, often encounters factors that to do something by consistently providing (B)____________ for (B)____________ its full development. the action for some time and then withholding them.

rewards punishments explanations punishments rewards

*swath: 구획

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?209)

There is a key difference between how humans and other

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?210)

The idea that planting trees could have a social or political intelligent animals learn. In a very telling experiment done by significance appears to have been invented by the English, evolutionary psychologist Mike Tomasello at the Max Planck though it has since spread widely. According to Keith Institute in Germany, a puzzle box containing a treat is given Thomas’s history Man and the Natural World, seventeenth- and to a human toddler and a chimpanzee. Neither is able to get eighteenth-century aristocrats began planting hardwood trees, the treat out. He then demonstrates a multistep process of usually in lines, to declare the extent of their property and pulling and pushing pegs that eventually releases the treat. the permanence of their claim to it. “What can be more Among the motions, he includes an obviously nonsensical step

pleasant,” the editor of a magazine for gentlemen asked his ― patting his head three times before the last step. Both the readers, “than to have the bounds and limits of your own toddler and the chimp are able to copy his actions and get property preserved and continued from age to age by the the treat, but only the toddler includes the head-patting step. testimony of such living and growing witnesses?” Planting The chimp, seeing this is not relevant to getting the treat, trees had the additional advantage of being regarded as a omits it from the routine. The human, however, patriotic act, for the Crown had declared a severe shortage of unquestioningly copies all the steps. The toddler trusts the the hardwood on which the Royal Navy depended. human teaching her to have a reason for each step in this situation, and so she overcopies. In fact, the less clear the goal of the procedure, the more carefully and precisely the human child will imitate even irrelevant steps. *peg: 나무못 **omit: 생략하다 According to the experiment above, when given multiple steps to get a treat, toddlers (A)____________ every step of the (A) procedure unlike chimpanzees, because toddlers do not doubt ① unstable the (B)____________ of each step. (A) ① complete ② complete ③ evaluate ④ rearrange ⑤ rearrange

② unstable ③ lasting ④ lasting ⑤ official

*aristocrat: 귀족 **patriotic: 애국적인 For English aristocrats, planting trees served as statements to mark the (A)____________ ownership of their land, and it was also considered to be a(n) (B)____________ of their loyalty to the nation. (B) confirmation exaggeration exhibition manipulation justification

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?211)

A basic principle in economics is that when the supply of

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?212)

The computer has, to a considerable extent, solved the something goes up, its price should go down. The puzzle was problem of acquiring, preserving, and retrieving information. that in the twentieth century, there were prolonged periods Data can be stored in effectively unlimited quantities and in where the reverse appeared to happen in the world of work. manageable form. The computer makes available a range of In some countries, there was huge growth in the number of data unattainable in the age of books. It packages it high­skilled people pouring out of colleges and universities, effectively; style is no longer needed to make it accessible, yet their wages appeared to rise rather than fall compared to nor is memorization. In dealing with a single decision those without this education. How could this be? The supply separated from its context, the computer supplies tools of high­skilled workers did grow, pushing their wages unimaginable even a decade ago. But it also diminishes downward, but new technologies were skill­biased and so perspective. Because information is so accessible and caused the demand for high­skilled workers to soar. The communication instantaneous, there is a diminution of focus latter effect was so great that it overcame the former, so on its significance, or even on the definition of what is even though there were more educated people looking for significant. This dynamic may encourage policymakers to wait work, the demand for them was so strong that the amount for an issue to arise rather than anticipate it, and to regard they were paid still went up.

moments of decision as a series of isolated events rather than part of a historical continuum. When this happens, In the twentieth century, there were times where the wages manipulation of information replaces reflection as the principal of high­skilled workers (A)____________ when the supply of policy tool. them increased, and it was because new technologies (B)____________ them. (A) ① escalated ② stabilized ③ increased ④ declined ⑤ diminished

*retrieve: (정보를) 추출하다 **diminution: 감소 Although the computer is clearly (A)____________ at handling information in a decontextualized way, it interferes with our making (B)____________ judgments related to the broader context, as can be seen in policymaking processes. (B) comprehensive biased informed legal timely

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?213)

Perhaps not surprisingly, given how long magicians have

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칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?214)

Philip Kitcher and Wesley Salmon have suggested that there been developing their craft, a lot of creativity in magic is of are two possible alternatives among philosophical theories of the tweaking variety — some of the most skilled and inventive explanation. One is the view that scientific explanation consists magicians gained fame by refining the execution of tricks that in the unification of broad bodies of phenomena under a have been known for decades, or sometimes centuries. Nevil minimal number of generalizations. According to this view, the Maskelyne, one of magic’s old masters, claimed that “the (or perhaps, a) goal of science is to construct an economical difficulty of producing a new magical effect is about framework of laws or generalizations that are capable of equivalent to that of inventing a new proposition in Euclid.” subsuming all observable phenomena. Scientific explanations Whether it’s because there’s little that’s completely new, organize and systematize our knowledge of the empirical or for some other reason, magicians seem to worry less world; the more economical the systematization, the deeper about imitation. They do, however, worry a lot about traitors

our understanding of what is explained. The other view is the — those magicians who expose the secrets behind a trick to causal/mechanical approach. According to it, a scientific the public. Once a trick is exposed in this way, its value as explanation of a phenomenon consists of uncovering the “magic” is destroyed, and this harms everyone in the mechanisms that produced the phenomenon of interest. This industry. For this reason, magicians’ norms are focused view sees the explanation of individual events as primary, mostly on punishing magicians who expose tricks to the with the explanation of generalizations flowing from them. public ─ even if the trick is the exposer’s own invention. *tweak: 살짝 변화를 주다 **traitor: 배신자 Magicians, having long refined existing tricks, are not much

That is, the explanation of scientific generalizations comes from the causal mechanisms that produce the regularities. *subsume: 포섭(포함)하다 **empirical: 경험적인 worried about (A)____________ tricks, but they are very strict Scientific explanations can be made either by seeking the about (B)____________ the methods of tricks as it damages (A)____________ number of principles covering all observations their industry. (A) ① copying ② copying ③ criticizing ④ modifying ⑤ modifying

blending disclosing distorting evaluating underestimating

or by finding general (B)____________ drawn from individual phenomena. (B) patterns features functions rules assumptions

Unit 10 어법

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

주어진 글의 밑줄 친 다섯 개의 선택지 중에서 어법상 틀린 것을 찾는 유형이다.

먼저 각 선택지의 밑줄 친 부분에서 묻고 있는 어법 요소를 파악한다.

밑줄 친 부분이 포함된 문장의 구조와 문맥을 파악하여 각 어법 요소가 올 바른지 판단한다.

어법상 틀린 부분을 바른 표현ㅇ으로 고쳐보며 정답을 확인한다.

Are cats liquid or solid? That’s the kind of question that could win a scientist an Ig Nobel Prize, a parody of the Nobel Prize that honors research that “makes people laugh, then think.” But it wasn’t with this in mind ①that Marc Antoine Fardin, a physicist at Paris Diderot University, set out to find out whether house cats flow. Fardin noticed that these furry pets can adapt to the shape of the container they sit in ②similarly to what fluids such as water do. So he applied rheology, the branch of physics that deals with the deformation of matter, to calculate the time ③it takes for cats to take up the space of a vase or bathroom sink. The conclusion? Cats can be either liquid or solid, depending on the circumstances. A cat in a small box will behave like a fluid, ④filled up all the space. But a cat in a bathtub full of water will try to minimize its contact with it and ⑤behave very much like a solid.

STEP 1 먼저 각 선택지의 밑줄 친 부분 에서 묻고 있는 어법 요소를 파악한다.

STEP 2 밑줄 친 부분이 포함된 문장의 구조와 문맥을 파악하여 각 어법 요소가 올바른지 판단한다.

▶ 「with+목적어+전치사구」 형태의 분사구문 을 포함한 not with this in mind를 강조하는 「it is [was] ~ that」 강조 구문으로 that의 쓰 임은 적절하다. ▶ 동사 can adapt를 꾸며주는 말로 부사인 similary의 쓰임은 적절하다. ▶ 「it takes+시간+for+목적어+to부정사」(목적 어가 ~하는데 시간이 걸리다) 구문에서 시간에 해당하는 the time이 선행사로 쓰인 구문으로 it의 쓰임은 적절하다. it 앞에는 목적격 관계대 명사 that 또는 which가 생략 되었다. ▶ 콤마 이하가 동시동작을 나타내는 분사구문 이고 분사구문의 주체는 문장의 주어인 a cat 이므로 수동의 의미를 나타내는 과거분사가 아 닌 능동의 의미를 나타내는 현재분사 filling으 로 쓰는 것이 적절하다. ▶ 조동사 will 뒤에 두 개의 동사구(try to minimize, behave~)가 and로 대등하게 연결되 어야 하므로 동사원형인 behave가 적절하다.

STEP 3 어법상 틀린 부분을 바른 표현 으로 고쳐보며 정답을 확인한다.

▶ 작은 상자 안에 있는 고양이는 ‘자기 스스 로’ 상자의 공간을 채우는 것이므로, 현재분 사 filling이 와야하며, filling이하는 동시동작을 나타내는 분사구문이다.

[1-4] 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Most Americans have middle names, which they use when filling out official documents or ① writing their initials. In daily life, however, middle names are seldom used, so why do they even exist? In ancient Rome, some people had three different names ― a personal name, a family name, and a name that indicated ②which branch of the family they came from. The more names you had, the more ③respecting you were. The American usage of middle names, however, comes from the Middle Ages. At that time, many European parents couldn’t decide between giving their kids their family name or a saint. Eventually, it became a tradition to give children the given name first, a saint name second, and a family name third. When Europeans began ④to immigrate to America, they brought this tradition with them. Today, instead of choosing saints’ names like they ⑤used to, many Americans come up with more creative middle names.

Throughout history people have been making attempts ①to classify knowledge into different types; these classifications differ based on the fields involved. In the case of business and knowledge management, two types of knowledge ②is usually defined. The first is known as explicit knowledge, and the second is called tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge refers to official knowledge, such as ③that found in books and other written documents, while tacit knowledge refers to intuitive, hard-to-define knowledge that comes from personal experience. Despite this distinction, all knowledge should be looked at as being a mixture of these two types rather than being one or ④the other. Explicit knowledge is simpler in nature and doesn’t have the rich experience-based know-how that can provide a lasting competitive advantage. On the other hand, tacit knowledge is often referred to as know-how, and it makes up the bulk of ⑤what we know, providing a foundation upon which explicit knowledge can be built.

The gold-medal winner in an Olympic event is ①clearly the happiest participant. But who is second happiest, the silver-medal winner or the bronze-medal winner? Most people ②would guess the former, but a study suggests otherwise. When rating athletes’ emotions after an event based on their facial expressions, the study’s participants judged the bronze medalists, on average, ③to be happier than the silver medalists. It is believed that this is due to the silver medalists focusing on what could have been ― they envision what would have happened if they ④have run a little faster or nailed their landing. This makes them feel like they lost. Bronze medalists, on the other hand, tend to focus on the fact that they managed to win a medal. This makes them feel like winners. The results of this study show that our level of satisfaction with a situation depends largely on ⑤how we choose to view it.

Horseshoe crabs have been around for more than 450 million years and have survived three great extinction events. Despite their name, they are not actual crabs. They are more ①closely related to arachnids. Unlike human blood, horseshoe crab blood is blue. Horseshoe crabs do not use hemoglobin, the substance ②that transports oxygen throughout our bodies. Instead, they use hemocyanin, which contains copper, to transport oxygen. This is why their blood is a distinctive shade of blue. When the blood comes into contact with bacteria, it surrounds them and forms a solid material. This action, called clotting, traps the bacteria, ③stopping it from spreading to other parts of the crab. This clotting agent is used ④to make a solution known as LAL, which can detect bacterial contamination in medicines and vaccines. Before LAL was discovered, researchers tested vaccines and other drugs by injecting them into laboratory animals and ⑤waiting to see if they suffered from adverse reactions.

어법

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?215)

The formats and frequencies of traditional trade

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?217)

Most historians of science point to the need for a encompass a spectrum. At the simplest level ①are the reliable calendar to regulate agricultural activity as the occasional trips made by individual !Kung and Dani to motivation for learning about what we now call visit their individual trading partners in other bands or astronomy, the study of stars and planets. Early astronomy villages. ②Suggestive of our open­air markets and flea provided information about when to plant crops and gave markets were the occasional markets at which Sio villagers humans ①their first formal method of recording the living on the coast of northeast New Guinea met New passage of time. Stonehenge, the 4,000-year-old ring of Guineans from inland villages. Up to a few dozen people stones in southern Britain, ②is perhaps the best-known from each side ③sat down in rows facing each other. An monument to the discovery of regularity and predictability inlander pushed forward a net bag containing between 10 in the world we inhabit. The great markers of Stonehenge and 35 pounds of taro and sweet potatoes, and the Sio point to the spots on the horizon ③where the sun rises villager sitting opposite responded by offering a number at the solstices and equinoxes ― the dates we still use to of pots and coconuts ④judging equivalent in value to the mark the beginnings of the seasons. The stones may even bag of food. Trobriand Island canoe traders conducted have ④been used to predict eclipses. The existence of similar markets on the islands ⑤that they visited, Stonehenge, built by people without writing, bears silent exchanging utilitarian goods (food, pots, and bowls) by testimony both to the regularity of nature and to the barter, at the same time as they and their individual trade ability of the human mind to see behind immediate partners gave each other reciprocated gifts of luxury items appearances and ⑤discovers deeper meanings in events. (shell necklaces and armbands). *monument: 기념비 **eclipse: (해·달의) 식(蝕) *taro: (식물) 타로토란 **reciprocate: 답례하다

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?216)

The world’s first complex writing form, Sumerian cuneiform, followed an evolutionary path, moving around 3500 BCE from pictographic to ideographic representations, from the depiction of objects to ①that of abstract notions. Sumerian cuneiform was a linear writing system, its symbols usually ②set in columns, read from top to bottom and from left to right. This regimentation was a form of abstraction: the world is not a linear place, and objects do not organize ③themselves horizontally or vertically in real life. Early rock paintings, thought to have been created for ritual purposes, were possibly shaped and organized ④to follow the walls of the cave, or the desires of the painters, who may have organized them symbolically, or artistically, or even randomly. Yet after cuneiform, virtually every form of script that has emerged has been set out in rows with a clear beginning and endpoint. So ⑤uniformly is this expectation, indeed, that the odd exception is noteworthy, and generally established for a specific purpose. *cuneiform: 쐐기 문자 **regimentation: 조직화

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***testimony: 증언

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?218)

The idea that people ①selectively expose themselves to news content has been around for a long time, but it is even more important today with the fragmentation of audiences and the proliferation of choices. Selective exposure is a psychological concept that says people seek out information that conforms to their existing belief systems and ②avoid information that challenges those beliefs. In the past when there were few sources of news, people could either expose themselves to mainstream news — where they would likely see beliefs ③expressed counter to their own — or they could avoid news altogether. Now with so many types of news constantly available to a full range of niche audiences, people can easily find a source of news ④that consistently confirms their own personal set of beliefs. This leads to the possibility of creating many different small groups of people with each strongly ⑤believes they are correct and everyone else is wrong about how the world works. *fragmentation: 분열 **proliferation: 급증 ***niche: 틈새

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?219)

Accepting whatever others are communicating only pays off if their interests correspond to ours ― think cells in a body, bees in a beehive. As far as communication between humans is concerned, such commonality of interests ①is rarely achieved; even a pregnant mother has reasons to mistrust the chemical signals sent by her fetus. Fortunately, there are ways of making communication work even in the most adversarial of relationships. A prey can convince a predator not to chase ②it. But for such communication to occur, there must be strong guarantees ③which those who receive the signal will be better off believing it. The messages have to be kept, on the whole, ④honest. In the case of humans, honesty is maintained by a set of cognitive mechanisms that evaluate ⑤ communicated information. These mechanisms allow us to accept most beneficial messages ― to be open ― while rejecting most harmful messages ― to be vigilant. *fetus: 태아 **adversarial: 반대자의 ***vigilant: 경계하는

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?220)

According to its dictionary definition, an anthem is both a song of loyalty, often to a country, and a piece of ‘sacred music’, definitions that are both applicable in sporting contexts. This genre is dominated, although not exclusively, by football and has produced a number of examples ①where popular songs become synonymous with the club and are enthusiastically adopted by the fans. More than this they are often spontaneous expressions of loyalty and identity and, according to Desmond Morris, have ‘reached the level of something ②approached a local art form’. A strong element of the appeal of such sports songs ③is that they feature ‘memorable and easily sung choruses in which fans can participate’. This is a vital part of the team’s performance ④as it makes the fans’ presence more tangible. This form of popular culture can be said ⑤to display pleasure and emotional excess in contrast to the dominant culture which tends to maintain ‘respectable aesthetic distance and control’. *synonymous: 밀접한 연관을 갖는 **tangible: 확실한

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?221)

Like whole individuals, cells have a life span. During their life cycle (cell cycle), cell size, shape, and metabolic activities can change dramatically. A cell is “born” as a twin when its mother cell divides, ①producing two daughter cells. Each daughter cell is smaller than the mother cell, and except for unusual cases, each grows until it becomes as large as the mother cell ②was. During this time, the cell absorbs water, sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients and assembles them into new, living protoplasm. After the cell has grown to the proper size, its metabolism shifts as it either prepares to divide or matures and ③differentiates into a specialized cell. Both growth and development require a complex and dynamic set of interactions involving all cell parts. ④What cell metabolism and structure should be complex would not be surprising, but actually, they are rather simple and logical. Even the most complex cell has only a small number of parts, each ⑤responsible for a distinct, well-defined aspect of cell life. *metabolic: 물질대사의 **protoplasm: 원형질

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?222)

We don’t know what ancient Greek music sounded like, because there are no examples of it in written or notated form, nor ①has it survived in oral tradition. Much of it was probably improvised anyway, within certain rules and conventions. So we are forced largely to guess at its basis from the accounts of writers such as Plato and Aristotle, who were generally more concerned with writing about music as a philosophical and ethical exercise ②as with providing a technical primer on its practice. It seems Greek music was predominantly a vocal form, ③consisting of sung verse accompanied by instruments such as the lyre or the plucked kithara (the root of ‘guitar’). In fact, Plato considered music in which the lyre and flute played alone and not as the accompaniment of dance or song ④ to be ‘exceedingly coarse and tasteless’. The melodies seem to have had a very limited pitch range, since the instruments ⑤generally span only an octave, from one E (as we’d now define it) to the next. *primer: 입문서 **lyre: 수금(竪琴) ***coarse: 조잡한

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?223)

The actual problems with monopolies are caused by statism, not capitalism. Under a statist social system, taxes, subsidies, tariffs, and regulations often serve to protect existing large players in the marketplace. Those players often use crony tactics to retain or expand the protections: a new tariff preventing foreign competition, a subsidy making it harder for new players ①to compete with them, or a regulatory measure that a large company has the resources to comply with. Under a capitalist social system, on the other hand, the government has no say in how ②dominantly a company may become in its industry or how companies take over and merge with one another. Furthermore, a capitalist society doesn’t have rights-violating taxes, tariffs, subsidies, or regulations ③ favoring anybody nor does it have antitrust laws. Under capitalism, dominance can only be achieved by becoming really good at ④what you’re doing. And to maintain dominance, you have to continue to stay ahead of the competition, which sees your dominance and profits as a sign ⑤that there is money to be made by others as well. *statism: 국가 통제주의 **crony: 정실(사사로운 정에 이끌리는 일) ***antitrust law: 독점 금지법

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?224)

Ecosystems differ in composition and extent. They can

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?225)

The spider chart, also called a radar chart, is a form of line graph. It helps the researcher to represent their data in a chart ①that shows the relative size of a response on one scale for interrelated variables. Like the bar chart, the data needs to have one scale which is common to all variables. The spider chart is drawn with the variables spanning the chart, ②creating a spider web. An example of this is seen in a research study looking at self-reported confidence in year 7 students across a range of subjects ③have taught in their first term in secondary school. The researcher takes the responses from a sample group and ④calculates the mean to plot on the spider chart. The spider chart allows the researcher to easily compare and contrast the confidence level in different subjects for the sample group. The chart, like the pie chart, can then be broken down for different groups of students within the study ⑤to elicit further analysis of findings.

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?226)

Recognizing ethical issues is the most important step in be defined as ranging from the communities and understanding business ethics. An ethical issue is an interactions of organisms in your mouth or ①those in identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity that requires the canopy of a rain forest to all those in Earth’s oceans. a person to choose from among several actions that may The processes ②governing them differ in complexity and ①be evaluated as right or wrong, ethical or unethical. ② speed. There are systems that turn over in minutes, and Learn how to choose from alternatives and make a there are others ③which rhythmic time extends to decision requires not only good personal values, but also hundreds of years. Some ecosystems are extensive knowledge competence in the business area of concern. (‘biomes’, such as the African savanna); some cover Employees also need to know when to rely on their regions (river basins); many involve clusters of villages organizations’ policies and codes of ethics or ③have (micro-watersheds); others are confined to the level of a discussions with co-workers or managers on appropriate single village (the village pond). In each example there is conduct. Ethical decision making is not always easy an element of indivisibility. Divide an ecosystem into parts because there are always gray areas ④that create by creating barriers, and the sum of the productivity of dilemmas, no matter how decisions are made. For the parts will typically be found to be lower than the instance, should an employee report on a co-worker productivity of the whole, other things ④being equal. The engaging in time theft? Should a salesperson leave out mobility of biological populations is a reason. Safe facts about a product’s poor safety record in his passages, for example, enable migratory species ⑤to presentation to a customer? Such questions require the survive. decision maker to evaluate the ethics of his or her choice *canopy: 덮개 **basin: 유역 and decide ⑤whether to ask for guidance. -107-

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?227)

The idea that leaders inherently possess certain physical, intellectual, or personality traits that distinguish them from

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?229)

Providing feedback to students is a critical task of nonleaders ①was the foundational belief of the trait‑based teachers. General psychology has shown that knowledge approach to leadership. This approach dominated of results is necessary for improving a skill. Advanced leadership research from the late 1800s until the musicians are able to self-critique their performances, but mid‑1940s and has experienced a resurgence of interest in developing music students ①rely on teachers to supply the last couple of decades. Early trait theorists believed evaluative feedback. The most constructive feedback is that some individuals are born with the traits that allow that ②which expresses the discrepancies between a ②them to become great leaders. Thus, early research in student’s performance of a piece of music and an optimal this area often presented the widely stated argument ③

version. Expert teachers give more detailed feedback than that “leaders are born, not made.” Also, some of the general appraisals, and music educators generally recognize earliest leadership studies were grounded in what ④

that more specific teacher feedback facilitates student referred to as the “great man” theory because researchers performance improvement. Researchers also have explored at the time focused on identifying traits of highly visible ③whether the feedback of effective teachers is more often leaders in history who were typically male and associated positively or negatively expressed, that is, constituting with the aristocracy or political or military leadership. In praise or criticism. One might intuitively think that positive more recent history, numerous authors have acknowledged comments are more ④motivated to students and, as a that there are many enduring qualities, ⑤whether innate result, are more associated with effective teaching. The or learned, that contribute to leadership potential. These research, however, paints a slightly different picture. traits include such things as drive, self-confidence, Although positive feedback is ⑤likely more helpful with cognitive ability, conscientiousness, determination, younger learners and in one-on-one instruction, more intelligence, and integrity. *resurgence: 되살아남 **aristocracy: 귀족

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?228)

Trends constantly suggest new opportunities for individuals to restage themselves, representing occasions

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advanced music students seem to accept and benefit from greater levels of criticism in lessons.

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?230)

Consider The Wizard of Oz as a psychological study of for change. To understand how trends can ultimately give motivation. Dorothy and her three friends work hard to individuals power and freedom, one must first discuss get to the Emerald City, overcoming barriers, persisting fashion’s importance as a basis for change. The most against all adversaries. They do so because they expect common explanation offered by my informants as to why the Wizard to give ①them what they are missing. Instead, fashion is so appealing is ①that it constitutes a kind of the wonderful (and wise) Wizard makes them aware that theatrical costumery. Clothes are part of how people they, not he, always had the power ②to fulfill their present ②them to the world, and fashion locates them in wishes. For Dorothy, home is not a place but a feeling of the present, relative to what is happening in society and security, of comfort with people she loves; it is wherever to fashion’s own history. As a form of expression, fashion her heart is. The courage the Lion wants, the intelligence contains a host of ambiguities, enabling individuals to the Scarecrow longs for, and the emotions the Tin Man recreate the meanings ③associated with specific pieces of dreams of ③being attributes they already possess. They clothing. Fashion is among the simplest and cheapest need to think about these attributes not as internal methods of self-expression: clothes can be ④inexpensively conditions but as positive ways ④in which they are purchased while making it easy to convey notions of already relating to others. After all, didn’t they wealth, intellectual stature, relaxation or environmental demonstrate those qualities on the journey to Oz, a consciousness, even if none of these is true. Fashion can journey ⑤motivated by little more than an expectation, an also strengthen agency in various ways, ⑤opening up idea about the future likelihood of getting something they space for action. wanted? *stature: 능력 *adversary: 적(상대) -108-

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?231)

The intelligence of monkeys pales in comparison with

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?233)

Dr. Joseph Bell was a professor of medicine at the that of our closest relatives, the great apes: orangutans, University of Edinburgh. His students were amazed by his gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos, whose brains are astonishing powers of observation. He seemed able to twice as ①large relative to their body weight. Most determine what patients did for a living, or what illness ① primatologists believe the apes acquired their larger brains they might have, simply by glancing in their direction. to help them communicate with and ②manipulate their One time he concluded that a patient ②had walked peers. And they certainly do exhibit complex social across a golf course on the way to the doctor, simply by interactions within their group; they seem capable of looking at his shoes. One of Bell’s students was feeling empathy, have a self-image, and exhibit a degree particularly impressed with his teacher’s abilities. He filled of consciousness as they can recognize ③themselves in up notebooks with examples of ③what he called Bell’s a mirror. But this “social hypothesis” does not explain why “eerie trick of spotting details.” The student eventually it was the great apes that became so clever, rather than went into practice himself outside London. When business monkeys or a group of terrestrial mammals. Nor does it was slow he filled his spare moments by writing stories. explain why orangutans, who seldom encounter their He took Dr. Bell’s powers of perception, and gave them to neighbors, ④being so intelligent. It seems likely that some a character of his own making — a character who made other factor must have been in play ⑤that caused apes the young doctor, Arthur Conan Doyle, ④famous around to become more intelligent in the first place, and which the world. And so the professor who made even the most could subsequently have enabled some members of the complex diagnosis seem “elementary” ⑤becoming the group to develop high-level sociality. inspiration for fiction’s greatest detective, Sherlock Holmes. *primatologist: 영장류 동물학자 **terrestrial: 육상의 *eerie: 오싹한 **diagnosis: 진단

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?234)

A number of studies provide substantial evidence of an innate human disposition to respond differentially to social stimuli. From birth, infants will orient preferentially towards Viewing the stress response as a resource can transform the human face and voice, ①seeming to know that such the physiology of fear into the biology of courage. It can stimuli are particularly meaningful for them. Moreover, turn a threat into a challenge and can help you ①do they register this connection actively, imitating a variety of your best under pressure. Even when the stress doesn’t facial gestures that are presented to them — tongue feel helpful — as in the case of anxiety — welcoming it can protrusions, lip tightenings, mouth openings. They will transform ②it into something that is helpful: more energy, even try to match gestures ②which they have some more confidence, and a greater willingness to take action. difficulty, experimenting with their own faces until they You can apply this strategy in your own life anytime you succeed. When they ③do succeed, they show pleasure by notice signs of stress. When you feel your heart beating a brightening of their eyes; when they fail, they show or your breath quickening, ③realizing that it is your distress. In other words, they not only have an innate body’s way of trying to give you more energy. If you capacity for matching their own kinaesthetically notice tension in your body, remind yourself ④that the experienced bodily movements with ④those of others that stress response gives you access to your strength. Sweaty are visually perceived; they have an innate drive to do so. palms? Remember what it felt like ⑤to go on your first That is, they seem to have an innate drive to imitate date — palms sweat when you’re close to something you others whom they judge ⑤to be ‘like me’. want. *innate: 타고난 **disposition: 성향 *physiology: 생리 기능 ***kinaesthetically: 운동감각적으로

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?232)

Unit 11 어휘

세 개의 네모 안에 제시된 두 개의 낱말 중 문맥에 맞는 것을 고르거나, 밑줄 친 다섯 개의 낱말 중 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것을 고르는 유형이다. 대개 철자 또는 의미가 유사해서 혼동하기 쉬운 낱말이나 반의어가 제시된다.

글의 도입부를 읽으며 소재와 중심 내용을 파악한다.

앞뒤 문장에 근거하여 네모나 밑줄이 있는 문장을 정확히 해석한다.

답을 고른 후 전후 문맥과 논리에 맞는지 다시 한 번 확인한다.

(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

유형 해결 전략

STEP 1 글의 도입부를 읽으며 소재와 중 심 내용을 확인하다.

The ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians were the Western world’s philosophical forebears. In their concept of the world, nature was not an (A) assistant / opponent in life’s struggles. Rather, man and 고대 이집트와 메소포타미아인들의 세계 nature were in the same boat, companions in the same story. Man 관과 자연관에 대한 내용이 나올것임을 예측할 수 있다. thought of the natural world in the same terms as he thought of himself and other men. The natural world had thoughts, desires, and STEP 2 앞뒤 문장에 근거하여 네모나 emotions, just like humans. Thus, the realms of man and nature were 밑줄이 있는 문장을 정확히 해석한다. (B) distinguishable / indistinguishable and did not have to be understood in cognitively different ways. Natural phenomena were ▶ 그들의 세계관에서 자연은 삶의 투쟁 imagined in the same terms as human experience. These ancients of 속에 있는 (A) 조력자는/적은 아니었다. the Near East did (C) neglect / recognize the relation of cause and effect, but when speculating about it they came from a “who” rather ▶ 그러므로, 인간과 자연의 영역은 구분 than a “what” perspective. When the Nile rose, it was because the 이 (B) 분명했으며/불분명했으며 인지적 river wanted to, not because it had rained. 으로 다른 방식으로 이해할 필요는 없었 다.

(A) ① assistant ② assistant ③ opponent ④ opponent ⑤ opponent

(B) distinguishable

(B) neglect indistinguishable recognize distinguishable

recognize indistinguishable neglect indistinguishable recognize

▶ 이러한 금동 지역의 고대인들은 인과 관계를 (C) 무시하고는/인식하고는 있었 지만, 그것에 대해서 숙고할 때에는 ‘무 엇’의 관점보다는 ‘누구’의 관점에서 접근했다.

STEP 3 답을 고른 후 전후 문맥과 논리 에 맞는지 다시 한 번 확인한다.

[1-4] 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어휘가 적절하지 않은 것은?

People involved in relationships can’t ①avoid conflict. If the conflict is handled well, it can actually make the relationship stronger. If it is not, it can have negative effects, leading to frequent arguments and uncomfortable silences. One way to ②ensure you handle conflict appropriately is by being honest and open about how you feel and what you need. At the same time, you should accept and respect the feelings and needs of the other person. You can ③sympathize with other people better by imagining how they must be feeling. This will allow you to view the conflict from the other person’s ④perspective. People don’t always have to agree with one another. What makes us unique as human beings is that we all have different views ― it is this ⑤uniformity that helps make our relationships exciting and special.

When parents and children read together, there are many benefits. Not only does it boost language development in children, it also strengthens their ①bond with their parents. However, not all book types are ②equal. Research suggests that paper books are superior to e-books in enhancing parent-child interaction. In a study, researchers ③observed 37 pairs of parents and toddlers engaging in reading activities. During the study, parents used three types of books: Paper books, e-books, and e-books with sound effects and animations. The researchers found that the parents and toddlers reading e-books interacted ④more and spent much of their time explaining how to use the device. This hinders the children’s opportunity to freely communicate with their parents while reading. ⑤Unlike e-books, paper books promote a good interaction that enriches a child’s love for reading, and enhances it with age.

We may need to change the way we view adolescence ― the period when children become adults. Scientists in Australia now say adolescence can start as early as the age of 10 and continue until the age of 24. This is partly due to the fact that puberty is beginning earlier than it did in the past. It used to start around 14, but changes in nutrition mean it now starts ①sooner, sometimes at the age of 10. The reason the upper age of adolescence has increased is largely social. Young people now stay in school longer and ②delay marriage and parenthood. The scientists say that society must adjust to this ③wider range of adolescence by changing some laws. In many countries, people legally become adults at 18, but the actual adoption of adult responsibilities is occurring ④earlier. There are actually some big ⑤differences in the legal age of adulthood from country to country. In Indonesia, for example, it is 15, but in Singapore it is 21.

Anthropology compares different groups of people to better understand the wide range of human behavior. It doesn’t judge other people’s values or ①divide societies into categories like “underdeveloped” and “developed.” However, anthropologists don’t suspend all judgements about people’s actions; for example, they won’t ②defend violence committed in the name of a culture. Instead, they seek to understand why people act the way they do and how they view themselves. This is known as cultural relativism, and it’s an essential tool for anthropologists. It sees societies as being ③qualitatively different from one another, each with its own inner logic. A society might rank low in terms of literacy, for example, but this may turn out to be completely ④irrelevant if the members of the society have no interest in books. Cultural relativists would never ⑤deny that one society is better than another.

어휘

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절하지 않은 것은?237)

Sport can trigger an emotional response in its consumers of the kind rarely brought forth by other products. Imagine bank customers buying memorabilia to show Those who limit themselves to Western scientific research loyalty to their bank, or consumers ①identifying so have virtually ①ignored anything that cannot be perceived strongly with their car insurance company that they get a by the five senses and repeatedly measured or quantified. tattoo with its logo. We know that some sport followers Research is dismissed as superstitious and invalid if it are so ②passionate about players, teams and the sport cannot be scientifically explained by cause and effect. itself that their interest borders on obsession. This Many continue to ②object with an almost religious addiction provides the emotional glue that binds fans to passion to this cultural paradigm about the power of teams, and maintains loyalty even in the face of on-field science — more specifically, the power that science gives ③failure. While most managers can only dream of having them. By dismissing non­Western scientific paradigms as customers that are as passionate about their products as inferior at best and inaccurate at worst, the most rigid sport fans, the emotion triggered by sport can also have members of the conventional medical research community a negative impact. Sport’s emotional intensity can mean try to ③counter the threat that alternative therapies and that organisations have strong attachments to the past research pose to their work, their well­being, and their through nostalgia and club tradition. As a result, they may worldviews. And yet, biomedical research cannot explain ④increase efficiency, productivity and the need to respond many of the phenomena that ④concern alternative quickly to changing market conditions. For example, a practitioners regarding caring­healing processes. When proposal to change club colours in order to project a therapies such as acupuncture or homeopathy are more attractive image may be ⑤defeated because it observed to result in a physiological or clinical response breaks a link with tradition. that cannot be explained by the biomedical model, many *memorabilia: 기념품 **obsession: 집착 have tried to ⑤deny the results rather than modify the scientific model. *acupuncture: 침술 **homeopathy: 동종 요법 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

절하지 않은 것은?235)

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

2021_7월_고3_인천교육청_30

절하지 않은 것은?238)

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the ①quantity of freight transported between nations was negligible by It’s likely that for a very long time people managed to contemporary standards. For instance, during the Middle survive with draped animal pelts and then began roughly Ages, the totality of French imports via the Saint­Gothard sewing these together. Ultimately, though, the ① Passage would not fill a freight train. The amount of advantages of using woven fabric for clothing would have freight transported by the Venetian fleet, which dominated become obvious. A fur pelt offers ②inadequate thermal Mediterranean trade, would not fill a ②modern container protection if someone is sitting still, but once on the ship. The volume, but not the speed, of trade improved move or in strong winds, this is less true, because pelts under mercantilism, notably for maritime transportation. In aren’t shaped close to the body. The more air gets spite of all, distribution capacities were very limited and between the body and the clothing, the less effective it is speeds ③slow. For example, a stagecoach going through at trapping an insulating layer of air close to the skin. In the English countryside in the sixteenth century had an fact, the insulating properties of clothing ③decrease very average speed of 2 miles per hour; moving one ton of much when walking quickly. Clothing also needs to be cargo 30 miles inland in the United States by the late breathable, because damp clothes are bad at keeping the eighteenth century was as costly as moving it across the wearer warm and become very heavy. Woven fabrics are Atlantic. The inland transportation system was thus very ④ more breathable than fur and, when specifically tailored to limited. By the late eighteenth century, canal systems the body, make excellent internal layers, ④preventing cold started to emerge in Europe. They permitted the large air from getting direct access to the skin’s surface. Thus movements of bulk freight inland and expanded regional the ability to create woven clothing would have offered trade. Maritime and riverine transportation were material advantages to our early ancestors once they had consequently the ⑤outdated modes of the left Africa for ⑤cooler areas. pre­industrial era. *drape: 걸치다 **thermal: 열의 ***insulate: 단열하다 *fleet: 선단, 배의 무리 **mercantilism: 중상주의

절하지 않은 것은?236)

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절하지 않은 것은?239)

In economic systems what takes place in one sector has

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절하지 않은 것은?241)

It has been suggested that “organic” methods, defined impacts on another; demand for a good or service in one as those in which only natural products can be used as sector is derived from another. For instance, a consumer inputs, would be less damaging to the biosphere. buying a good in a store will likely trigger the Large-scale adoption of “organic” farming methods, replacement of this product, which will generate ①

however, would ①reduce yields and increase production demands for activities such as manufacturing, resource costs for many major crops. Inorganic nitrogen supplies extraction and, of course, transport. What is different are ②essential for maintaining moderate to high levels of about transport is that it cannot exist alone and a productivity for many of the non-leguminous crop species, movement cannot be ②stored. An unsold product can because organic supplies of nitrogenous materials often remain on the shelf of a store until bought (often with are either limited or more expensive than inorganic discount incentives), but an unsold seat on a flight or nitrogen fertilizers. In addition, there are ③benefits to the unused cargo capacity in the same flight remains unsold extensive use of either manure or legumes as “green and cannot be brought back as additional capacity ③later. manure” crops. In many cases, weed control can be very In this case an opportunity has been ④seized, since the difficult or require much hand labor if chemicals cannot amount of transport being offered has exceeded the be used, and ④fewer people are willing to do this demand for it. The derived demand of transportation is work as societies become wealthier. Some methods used often very difficult to reconcile with an equivalent supply, in “organic” farming, however, such as the sensible use of and actually transport companies would prefer to have crop rotations and specific combinations of cropping and some additional capacity to accommodate ⑤unforeseen livestock enterprises, can make important ⑤contributions demand (often at much higher prices). *reconcile: 조화시키다

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

절하지 않은 것은?240)

How people behave often depends on what others do. If other car drivers or subway users leave for work at 8 a.m., it may be to my ①advantage to leave at 6 a.m., even if that is really too early from my point of view. In equilibrium, flows ②stabilize so that each person makes the best trade­off between their ideal schedule and the congestion they will suffer on their commute. In making such choices, agents seek to ③differentiate their behavior from that of others. On other occasions, agents have a problem with coordination. They would like to choose to behave the same way as others. For example, if most of my fellow citizens did not pay their parking tickets, there would be (unfortunately) strong pressure for an amnesty for such offenders, which would ④ increase my incentive to pay my parking tickets too. There may be multiple equilibria, so that two otherwise identical societies may ⑤adopt different behavioral patterns. *equilibrium: 균형(상태) **amnesty: 사면

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절하지 않은 것은?242)

to the sustainability of rural ecosystems. *nitrogen fertilizer: 질소비료 **manure: 거름 ***legume: 콩과(科) 식물

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

Just as there’s a tendency to glorify technological progress, there’s a countertendency to expect the worst of every new tool or machine. In Plato’s Phaedrus, Socrates bemoaned the ①development of writing. He feared that, as people came to rely on the written word as a ② substitute for the knowledge they used to carry inside their heads, they would, in the words of one of the dialogue’s characters, “cease to exercise their memory and become forgetful.” And because they would be able to “③receive a quantity of information without proper instruction,” they would “be thought very knowledgeable when they are for the most part quite ignorant.” They would be “filled with the conceit of wisdom instead of real wisdom.” Socrates wasn’t ④right — the new technology did often have the effects he feared — but he was shortsighted. He couldn’t ⑤foresee the many ways that writing and reading would serve to spread information, spark fresh ideas, and expand human knowledge (if not wisdom). *bemoan: 한탄하다 **conceit: 자만심

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절하지 않은 것은?243)

One of the most productive strategies to build customer

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절하지 않은 것은?245)

In poorer countries many years of fast growth may be relationships is to increase the firm’s share of customer necessary to bring living standards up to acceptable levels. rather than its market share. This strategy involves But growth is the means to achieve desired goals, not the abandoning the old notions of ①acquiring new ①end in itself. In the richer world the whole idea of customers and increasing transactions to focus instead on growth — at least as conventionally measured — may need more fully serving the needs of existing customers. to be ②maintained. In economies where services Financial services are a great example of this. Most dominate, goods and services tailored to our ③individual consumers purchase financial services from ②different needs will be what determine the advance of our firms. They bank at one institution, purchase insurance societies. These could be anything from genome-specific from another, and handle their investments elsewhere. To medicines to personalized care or tailored suits. That is ③solidify this purchasing pattern, many companies now different from more and more stuff, an arms race of offer all of these services under one roof. For example, growth. Instead, it means improvements in ④quality, Regions Financial Corporation offers retail and commercial something that GDP is ill equipped to measure. Some fifty banking, trust, mortgage, and insurance products to years ago one US economist contrasted what he called customers in a network of more than 1,500 offices. The the “cowboy” economy, bent on production, exploitation company tries to more fully serve the financial needs of of resources, and pollution, with the “spaceman” economy, its ④current customers, thereby acquiring a larger share in which quality and complexity replaced “throughput” as of each customer’s financial business. By creating these the measure of success. The ⑤move from types of relationships, customers have ⑤little incentive to manufacturing to services and from analog to digital is seek out competitive firms to fulfill their financial services the shift from cowboy to spaceman. But we are still needs.

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

절하지 않은 것은?244)

In recent years urban transport professionals globally have largely acquiesced to the view that automobile demand in cities needs to be managed rather than accommodated. Rising incomes inevitably lead to increases in motorization. Even without the imperative of climate change, the physical constraints of densely inhabited cities and the corresponding demands of accessibility, mobility, safety, air pollution, and urban livability all ①limit the option of expanding road networks purely to accommodate this rising demand. As a result, as cities develop and their residents become more prosperous, ② persuading people to choose not to use cars becomes an increasingly key focus of city managers and planners. Improving the quality of ③alternative options, such as walking, cycling, and public transport, is a central element of this strategy. However, the most direct approach to ④accommodating automobile demand is making motorized travel more expensive or restricting it with administrative rules. The contribution of motorized travel to climate change ⑤reinforces this imperative. *acquiesce: 따르다 **imperative: 불가피한 것 ***constraint: 압박

2022_9월_고3_평가원_30

절하지 않은 것은?246)

measuring the size of the lasso. *throughput: (일정 시간 내에 해야 할) 처리량 **lasso: (카우보이가 야생마를 잡는 데 사용하는) 올가미 밧줄

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

Although the wonders of modern technology have provided people with opportunities beyond the wildest dreams of our ancestors, the good, as usual, is weakened by a downside. One of those downsides is that anyone who so chooses can pick up the virtual megaphone that is the Internet and put in their two cents on any of an infinite number of topics, regardless of their ① qualifications. After all, on the Internet, there are no regulations ②preventing a kindergarten teacher from offering medical advice or a physician from suggesting ways to safely make structural changes to your home. As a result, misinformation gets disseminated as information, and it is not always easy to ③differentiate the two. This can be particularly frustrating for scientists, who spend their lives learning how to understand the intricacies of the world around them, only to have their work summarily ④ challenged by people whose experience with the topic can be measured in minutes. This frustration is then ⑤ diminished by the fact that, to the general public, both the scientist and the challenger are awarded equal credibility. *put in one’s two cents: 의견을 말하다 **disseminate: 퍼뜨리다 ***intricacy: 복잡성

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절하지 않은 것은?247)

Musical performers and their labor union did not

2023_3월_고3_서울교육청_30

적절하지 않은 것은?249)

In centuries past, we might learn much about life from perceive early recordings as a threat to their livelihoods the wisdom of our elders. Today, the majority of the because the recordings were mostly of poor quality. It messages we receive about how to live a good life come was not long before musicians began to wonder whether not from Granny’s long ①experience of the world, but recordings of popular artists or songs would ①undermine from advertising executives hoping to sell us products. If the demand for live music. For a time, however, recorded we are satisfied with our lives, we will not feel a burning music was too scratchy to pose a serious threat, even desire to purchase anything, and then the economy may though it played in commercial places and offered a few collapse. But if we are unsatisfied, and any of the performers a way to ②supplement their income. products we buy actually delivers the promised lasting Additionally, during the early days of recording, radio fulfillment, subsequent sales figures may likewise ②rise. stations ③preferred using live musicians on their We exist in a fog of messaging designed explicitly to programs. Sound from live performances was better influence our behavior. Not surprisingly, our behavior quality, and stations at this time rarely used recordings. often shifts in precisely the manner ③intended. If you can Broadcasters ④rejected union demands for employment be made to feel sufficiently inferior due to your yellowed and decent wages, because the alterative use of teeth, perhaps you will rush to the pharmacy to purchase recordings was even less attractive. They made efforts to whitening strips. The ④lack of any research whatsoever employ orchestras, bands, and vocalists to perform on correlating tooth shade with life satisfaction is never radio programs. There was relative balance between live mentioned. Having been told one hundred times a day music and technology in the early innovation stages. With how to be happy, we spend much of our lives buying the increased ⑤improvements in electrical recording, necessary accoutrements and feeling ⑤disappointed not to however, this balance soon changed. *alterative: 대체하는

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적

절하지 않은 것은?248)

Everywhere we turn we hear about almighty “cyberspace”! The hype promises that we will leave our boring lives, put on goggles and body suits, and enter some metallic, three-dimensional, multimedia otherworld. When the Industrial Revolution arrived with its great

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discover life satisfaction inside the packaging. *accoutrements: (필요) 용품

다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이

적절하지 않은 것은?250)

How do hormones trigger reactions in the body? When innovation, the motor, we didn’t leave our world to go to a hormone is released from a gland, it travels in the some ①remote motorspace! On the contrary, we brought bloodstream through the body in search of its ①target. the motors into our lives, as automobiles, refrigerators, Organs, tissues and other glands in the body have drill presses, and pencil sharpeners. This ②absorption has receptor sites that hormones must bind to in order to been so complete that we refer to all these tools with deliver their message and cause an effect. But because names that declare their usage, not their “motorness.” every hormone has its own unique shape, they are These innovations led to a major socioeconomic designed to act only on the parts of the body that have movement precisely because they entered and ③affected a receptor site with the ②corresponding shape. This mode profoundly our everyday lives. People have not changed of action can be likened to a lock and key mechanism — fundamentally in thousands of years. Technology changes if the key doesn’t fit the lock, then nothing will happen. constantly. It’s the one that must ④adapt to us. That’s When a hormone binds to its receptor, it sets off a chain exactly what will happen with information technology and of other signaling pathways to create a ③change in the its devices under human-centric computing. The longer we body. Once the desired effect has taken place and there continue to believe that computers will take us to a is too much hormone circulating in the blood, this signal magical new world, the longer we will ⑤maintain their is fed back to the glands to ④boost further hormone natural fusion with our lives, the hallmark of every major release. This is called a feedback loop and, when movement that aspires to be called a socioeconomic functioning correctly, it allows the endocrine system to ⑤ revolution. *hype: 과대광고 **hallmark: 특징

ensure the conditions in your body remain in balance. *gland: (분비)선 **endocrine system: 내분비계

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(A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로

가장 적절한 것은?251)

To the extent that an agent relies on the prior

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이

적절하지 않은 것은?252)

The consequences of the mechanical breakdown of food knowledge of its designer rather than on its own by cooking are profound. Both the stiffness and toughness percepts, we say that the agent lacks autonomy. A of the food is drastically reduced, making mechanical rational agent should be autonomous ― it should learn processing far ①easier. The forces your teeth need to what it can to (A)[compensate / prepare] for partial or apply to break up the food are lower, and the food ② incorrect prior knowledge. For example, a vacuum-cleaning releases its cell contents far more easily. The optimal agent that learns to foresee where and when additional tooth shape for breaking up the food also ③changes. dirt will appear will do better than one that does not. As Rather than needing thick, flat plates that can apply large a practical matter, one seldom requires complete compression forces to grind up tough materials and crush autonomy from the start: when the agent has had little or hard ones, it is better to have molars with pointed ends no experience, it would have to act (B)[purposefully / to cut through the softer food. It loosens at much ④ randomly] unless the designer gave some assistance. So, higher forces and breaks up far more quickly. Modern just as evolution provides animals with enough built-in hunter-gatherers spend far less time chewing their food reflexes to survive long enough to learn for themselves, it even than apes that eat relatively soft fruit; they chew for would be reasonable to provide an artificial intelligent less than an hour a day compared with five or six hours agent with some initial knowledge as well as an ability to for chimpanzees. This ⑤frees up plenty of time for other learn. After sufficient experience of its environment, the tasks, such as looking after the fire, making a permanent behavior of a rational agent can become effectively camp, toolmaking, or further foraging. *molar: 어금니 **forage: 식량을 찾아다니다 (C)[independent / protective] of its prior knowledge. Hence, the incorporation of learning allows one to design a single rational agent that will succeed in a vast variety of environments.

(A) (B) (C) ① compensate randomly

protective ② compensate purposefully protective ③ prepare

randomly ④ compensate randomly ⑤ prepare

protective independent purposefully independent

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다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이

적절하지 않은 것은?253)

Why is the value of place so important? From a historical perspective, until the 1700s textile production was a hand process using the fibers available within a ① particular geographic region, for example, cotton, wool, silk, and flax. Trade among regions ②increased the availability of these fibers and associated textiles made from the fibers. The First Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological advancements in manufactured fibers ③added to the fact that fibers and textiles were no longer “place-bound.” Fashion companies created and consumers could acquire textiles and products made from textiles with little or no connection to where, how, or by whom the products were made. This ④countered a disconnect between consumers and the products they use on a daily basis, a loss of understanding and appreciation in the skills and resources necessary to create these products, and an associated disregard for the human and natural resources necessary for the products’ creation. Therefore, renewing a value on place ⑤reconnects the company and the consumer with the people, geography, and culture of a particular location. *textile: 직물

2023_10월_고3_서울교육청_30

적절하지 않은 것은?254)

Technology has historically distinguished the way music is produced. In a live jazz concert a bass player can provide the audience with a ten-minute jam session but is ① unable to do so if making a record. Time and space limits on early discs made this liberalized performance style impossible. Often, pieces would be separated into a number of discs leading to a ②lack of continuity. In addition to length, musicians had to take into account how the machinery recorded and absorbed their sound. Especially in the early days of recording, human voices as well as instruments were often distorted once recorded. To prevent such distortion, it was up to the musician to ③alter the sound to accommodate the recording technology that was just coming into existence. Jazz musicians and orchestras almost molded their works around recording parameters. Many musicians were ④resistant to the limitations and benefits of technology and created their records accordingly. The recording limitations began to filter into stage performance. Musicians were restricted to three-minute songs in the recording studio and they soon ⑤kept their songs to that length on stage too. *jam session: 즉흥 연주 **mold: (틀에 맞추어) 만들다 ***parameter: 한도, 기준

Unit 12 장문

하나의 긴 글을 읽고 두 개의 문제를 푸는 유형이다. 한 문제는 제목이나 주제를 묻는 문제가 출제되고, 나머지 한 문제는 빈칸 추론이나 밑줄 친 어휘 중 쓰임이 잘못된 것을 고르는 문제가 출제된다.

[1-2] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

먼저 각 문제의 지시문과 선택지를 읽고 파악해야 할 정보를 확인한다.

글을 읽으면서 핵심 어구나 문장에 밑줄을 치고 중요 내용은 메모한다.

밑줄 친 부분과 메모한 내용을 참고하여 각 문제의 정답을 고른다.

In 2000, James Kuklinski of the University of Illinois led an influential experiment in which more than 1,000 Illinois residents were asked STEP 1 먼저 각 문제의 지시문과 선택지 questions about welfare. More than half indicated that they were 를 읽고 파악해야 할 정보를 확인한다. confident that their answers were correct ― but in fact, only three 1. 제목을 묻는 문제이므로 글의 중심 내 용, 즉 주제를 파악해야 한다. percent of the people got more than half of the questions right. 2. 빈칸에 들어갈 핵심 어휘를 묻는 문제 Perhaps more disturbingly, the ones who were the most confident they 를 1번 문항에서 파악한 주제를 바탕 were right were generally the ones who knew the least about the 으로 빈칸이 포함된 문장 전후의 내용 topic. Kuklinski calls this sort of response the “I know I’m right” 을 잘 살핀다. syndrome. “It implies not only that most people will resist correcting their factual beliefs,” he wrote, “but also that the very people who STEP 2 글을 읽으면서 핵심 어구나 문 most need to correct them will be least likely to do so.” 장에 밑줄을 치고 중요 내용을 메모한다. How can we have things so wrong and be so sure that we’re right? Part of the answer lies in the way our brains are wired. Generally, ▶ 6행 – 이것은 대부분의 사람들이 그 people tend to seek consistency. There is a substantial body of 들의 사실적 믿음을 고치는 것에 저항할 뿐만 아니라 또한 그것들을 가장 고쳐야 psychological research showing that people tend to interpret information 할 필요가 있는 바로 그 사람들이 그렇 with an eye toward reinforcing their preexisting views. If we believe 게 할 가능성이 가장 적다는 것을 의미 something about the world, we are more likely to passively accept as 한다. 라고 그는 썼다, truth any information that confirms our beliefs, and actively dismiss ▶ 9행 – 어떻게 우리는 그렇게 틀리고 information that doesn’t. This is known as “motivated reasoning.” 도 우리가 맞다고 그렇게 확신할 수 있 Whether or not the consistent information is accurate, we might accept 을까? 그 답의 일부는 우리의 뇌가 연결 it as fact, as confirmation of our beliefs. This makes us more confident 되어 있는 방식에 있다. in said beliefs, and even less likely to entertain facts that contradict ▶ 11행 – 사람들이 그들의 기존의 견해 them. 를 강화하는 쪽으로의 시각을 가지고 정 보를 해석하는 경향이 있다. .1 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? ▶ 14행 – 일관성이 있는 정보가 정확하 ① Belief Wins Over Fact 든 아니는 간에, 우리는 그것을 사실로, ② Still Judge by Appearance? 즉 우리의 믿음에 대한 확인으로 받아들 ③ All You Need Is Motivation 일 것이다. (주제문) ④ Facilitate Rational Reasoning

⑤ Correct Errors at the Right Time

2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점] ①diversity ②accuracy ③popularity ④consistency ⑤collaboration

STEP 3 어법상 틀린 부분을 바른 표현 으로 고쳐보며 정답을 확인한다. ▶ 밑줄 친 부분과 메모한 내용을 참고 하여 각 문제의 정답을 고른다.

Pain is the body’s reaction to damage. Although the damage itself occurs on the body, our perception of the pain occurs in the brain. In an experiment, scientists placed a small patch on volunteers’ arms. The patch would grow hot enough to deliver about the same amount of pain as holding a cup of hot coffee. The volunteers were shown two kinds of shapes on a screen: one warned that the pain would be quite bad, while the other signaled that the pain would be mild. They were asked to rate how much they thought the pain would hurt before it occurred, and then how much the pain actually had hurt after. The whole time, the volunteers were lying inside an MRI machine, which showed how active different parts of their brains were when they experienced the pain. When volunteers saw the shape that suggested the pain would be bad, they rated the heat as quite painful. When they saw the shape that suggested it would more bearable, they rated it as less painful. The MRI scans showed a similar pattern, despite the fact that patch’s temperature was the same for every participant. This shows that the reaction of the participants was based on what they expected. The results of this study are not only interesting but also useful. Although pain is real and can’t be avoided entirely, doctors may be able to lessen the amount felt by by adjusting their expectations.

1. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① A More Accurate Way of Measuring Pain ② Pain Is Affected by Our Anticipation of It ③ Patients Lie about How Much Pain They Feel ④ Is It Unethical for Researchers to Cause Pain? ⑤ Using MRIS to Eliminate Painful Experiments 2. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① increasing ② adjusting ③ encouraging ④ criticizing ⑤ grading

Today’s six-sided dice are made by machines. Since they are all exactly the same shape, we expect them to be “fair.” In other words, when we roll them, each of the six numbers has the same probability of landing facing up. Roman dice did have something in common with modern dice ― their numbers were arranged the same way. If you looked at any two opposite sides, their numbers added up to seven. Unlike today’s cubes, however, Roman dice were (a) irregular in shape. The Romans may have liked these dice because it was easier to (b) manipulate them to make a certain number come up. Also, it seems that they believed fate determined which number appeared, not probability.

Around 1100 AD, dice became more standardized in Europe. This was probably done to prevent gamblers from cheating by using (c) fair dice. The dice also got smaller, and the arrangement of their numbers changed. One and two were opposite, as were three and four, and five and six: The sets each added up to a different prime number. Around 1450, dice switched back to the “sevens” system of ancient Rome. They became more symmetrical, probably due to (d) advances in the field of mathematics during the Renaissance period.

The evolving shape of dice may seem unimportant, but it is very (e) useful to archaeologists and historians. For example, when ancient dice are discovered, their characteristics can be used to determine how old the archaeological site is.

3. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Why All Dice Must Have Six Sides ② Changes in Dice Throughout History ③ Ancient Rome’s Unusual Uses of Dice ④ Dice and the Beginning of Mathematics ⑤ Find the Origin of Dice Through Science

① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)

4. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

*a prime number 소수(1과 자기 자신만으로 나누어 떨어지는 1보다 큰 양의 정수)

장문독해

v 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

When we place a given amount of liquid in a container and then close it, we observe that the amount of liquid Surprisingly, consciousness might not be as crucial to at first drops slightly but eventually becomes constant. creativity as we like to think. There are several different The (a)decrease occurs because there is a transfer of types of creativity ― some of them conscious, some of molecules from the liquid to the vapor phase. However, as them unconscious. Creativity can happen when you the number of vapor molecules increases, it becomes (a)deliberately try to create something or it can happen in more and more likely that some of them will (b)return to your sleep. In any case, Arne Dietrich, a neuroscientist, the liquid. The process by which vapor molecules form a believes that the creative brain might work much like liquid is called condensation. Eventually, the same number software. Neuroscientists suspect that creativity is of molecules are leaving the liquid as are returning to it: essentially about (b)discovery rather than anything mystical the rate of condensation equals the rate of evaporation. ― driven by a mechanical process in the brain that At this point no further change occurs in the amounts of generates possible solutions and then eliminates them liquid or vapor, because the two (c)opposite processes systematically. He believes our tendency to dismiss exactly balance each other; the system is at equilibrium. computational creativity as (c)inferior to our own comes Note that this system is highly (d)static on the molecular from an ingrained dualism in human culture. ‘We are level. Molecules are constantly escaping from and entering overvaluing ourselves and underestimating them,’ he says. the liquid. However, there is no net change because the As a neuroscientist, Dietrich says he tackles the brain as two processes just balance each other. As an analogy, a machine ― and does not see machine creativity as consider two island cities connected by a bridge. Suppose different. Considered in this way, the idea that the human the traffic flow on the bridge is the same in both brain has a unique claim to creative talents seems a directions. There is motion — we can see the cars traveling (d)proper perspective. Will others accept that idea? The across the bridge — but the number of cars in each city is trick is to stop trying to compare computer artists to not changing because an equal number enter and leave human ones. If we can (e)embrace computer creativity for each one. The result is no net change in the number of what it is and stop trying to make it look human, not autos in each city: an equilibrium (e)exists. only will computers teach us new things about our own *condensation: 응결 creative talents, but they might become creative in ways that we cannot begin to imagine.

v 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

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위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?255)

①Machines That Create Redefine Creativity ② The New Way Machines Learn and Think ③ How Brain Works During Unconsciousness ④ Potential Limits of Artificial Intelligence ⑤ High Technology Weakens Creativity

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위 글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?256)

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위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?257)

① What Happens to a Quantity of Liquid in a Sealed Container? ② Molecules: Small but Crucial for the Temperature of Liquid ③ Activate Molecular Movements by Shaking a Water Bottle! ④ The Thicker the Liquid Is, the Less It Evaporates ⑤ How Can We Stop Liquid from Evaporating?

위 글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?258)

The right to privacy may extend only to the point where

There is something about a printed photograph or it does not restrict someone else’s right to freedom of newspaper headline that makes the event it describes expression or right to information. The scope of the right more real than in any other form of news reporting. to privacy is (a)similarly restricted by the general interest Perhaps this is because there is an undeniable reality to in preventing crime or in promoting public health. the newspaper itself: it is a real material object. That However, when we move away from the property-based (a)authenticity rubs off on the news. It can be pointed to, notion of a right (where the right to privacy would underlined, cut out, pinned on notice boards, stuck in a protect, for example, images and personality), to modern scrap­book, or archived in libraries. The news becomes an notions of private and family life, we find it (b)easier to artifact, (b)frozen in time; the event may be long gone, establish the limits of the right. This is, of course, the but it lives on as an indisputable fact because of its strength of the notion of privacy, in that it can adapt to material presence ― even if it is untrue. meet changing expectations and technological advances.

In contrast, news websites seem short­lived. Although In sum, what is privacy today? The concept includes a they too are archived, there is no unique physical claim that we should be unobserved, and that certain component to point to as (c)evidence of the information information and images about us should not be they convey. For this reason, there is a sense in which (c)circulated without our permission. Why did these privacy they can be more easily manipulated, and that history claims arise? They arose because powerful people took itself could be altered. At the same time, it is precisely offence at such observation. Furthermore, privacy this immediacy and (d)rigidity of content that makes the incorporated the need to protect the family, home, and digital media so exciting. The news website is in tune with correspondence from arbitrary (d)interference and, in an age that sees history as much less monolithic than addition, there has been a determination to protect previous eras once did. Digital news websites are honour and reputation. How is privacy protected? potentially much more (e)democratic, too, for while a Historically, privacy was protected by restricting circulation physical newspaper requires huge printing presses and a of the damaging material. But if the concept of privacy distribution network linking trains, planes, trucks, shops, first became interesting legally as a response to and ultimately newspaper sellers, in the digital world a reproductions of images through photography and single person can communicate with the whole world with newspapers, more recent technological advances, such as the aid of a single computer and without requiring a data storage, digital images, and the Internet, (e)pose new single tree to be cut down. threats to privacy. The right to privacy is now being reinterpreted to meet those challenges. *arbitrary: 임의의

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위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?259)

① Side Effects of Privacy Protection Technologies ② The Legal Domain of Privacy Claims and Conflicts ③ The Right to Privacy: Evolving Concepts and Practices ④ Who Really Benefits from Looser Privacy Regulations? ⑤ Less Is More: Reduce State Intervention in Privacy!

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이 적절하지 않은 것은?260)

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*archive: 보관하다

위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?261)

① How Has Digital Media Pushed Out Printed Media? ② Is Media Doing Good or Harm in Our Modern Society? ③ Realism in Media Is Not Necessarily Based on Real Facts ④ Digital World: Where Any of Us Can Create and Deliver News ⑤ Material Presence: What Differentiates Printed and Digital Media

위 글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?262)

① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)

In studies examining the effectiveness of vitamin C

In many ways, the proliferation of news sources has researchers typically divide the subjects into two groups. been a wonderful thing. The public now has multiple ways One group (the experimental group) receives a vitamin C to check facts and learn about (a)differing points of view. supplement, and the other (the control group) does not. In theory, this access should improve our ability to have Researchers observe both groups to determine whether meaningful discussions with one another and our ability to one group has fewer or shorter colds than the other. The form informed opinions. But this isn’t always the case. following discussion describes some of the pitfalls inherent

One of the most significant developments is that media in an experiment of this kind and ways to (a)avoid them. has become like a Las Vegas buffet — we have too many In sorting subjects into two groups, researchers must choices. When you consider all of the information options ensure that each person has an (b)equal chance of being — including niche media and personalized social media assigned to either the experimental group or the control networks where developers utilize algorithms to serve up group. This is accomplished by randomization; that is, the ideal content — there just isn’t enough time to (b)explore subjects are chosen randomly from the same population them all. In this space it is easy to become trapped in an by flipping a coin or some other method involving echo chamber, where your own opinions are reinforced by chance. Randomization helps to ensure that results reflect others without introducing new or conflicting content into the treatment and not factors that might influence the the mix, which restricts public discourse and can lead to grouping of subjects. Importantly, the two groups of (c)extremes. people must be similar and must have the same track

This is most evident in the realm of politics. Traditionally, record with respect to colds to (c)rule out the possibility mass media has been a place to tune in and hear that observed differences in the rate, severity, or duration nonpartisan reporting of facts about a situation or of colds might have occurred anyway. If, for example, the candidate, giving everyone (d)equal access to the vital control group would normally catch twice as many colds information necessary to form opinions and make as the experimental group, then the findings prove decisions. Cable news networks and partisan online (d)nothing. In experiments involving a nutrient, the diets sources can (e)enhance the audience’s ability to access of both groups must also be (e)different, especially with accurate, full­picture information. In some cases, audience respect to the nutrient being studied. If those in the members have made the conscious decision to only experimental group were receiving less vitamin C from engage with content that is in line with their ideals. *proliferation: 확산 **nonpartisan: 공정한 their usual diet, then any effects of the supplement may not be apparent. *pitfall: 함정

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위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?265)

① Efforts to Develop Ideal Content for Online Media ② Cable News Networks: Places for Public Discourse ① Perfect Planning and Faulty Results: A Sad Reality in ③ Techniques of Utilizing Media Content for Political Data Research ② Don’t Let Irrelevant Factors Influence the Results!

위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?263)

④ Analysis of Quality Competition Among Media Platforms ③ Protect Human Subjects Involved in Experimental ⑤ Flood of Media Information: Barriers to Balanced Research! ④ What Nutrients Could Better Defend Against Colds? ⑤ In-depth Analysis of Nutrition: A Key Player for Human Health

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위 글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 쓰임이 적절

하지 않은 것은?264)

Perspectives

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이 적절하지 않은 것은?266)

v 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Classifying things together into groups is something we

v 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

In What a Plant Knows, the biologist Daniel Chamovitz do all the time, and it isn’t hard to see why. Imagine describes sophisticated information‑processing capacities that trying to shop in a supermarket where the food was plants use to control their movements in response to arranged in random order on the shelves: tomato soup stimulation. Plants not only “follow the sun” by bending next to the white bread in one aisle, chicken soup in the their stems, they also align their leaves in such a way as back next to the 60-watt light bulbs, one brand of cream to (a)maximize exposure to light and thereby promote cheese in front and another in aisle 8 near the cookies. growth. Some plants actually anticipate sunrise from The task of finding what you want would be “memory,” and even when deprived of solar signals retain (a)time-consuming and extremely difficult, if not this information for several days. In Brilliant Green, Stefano impossible.

Mancuso and Alessandra Viola argue that plants possess In the case of a supermarket, someone had to (b)design not only the senses of sight, touch, smell, and hearing, the system of classification. But there is also a but more than a dozen other (b)sensory capacities that ready-made system of classification embodied in our humans lack. For example, the roots of plants sense the language. The word “dog,” for example, groups together a mineral and water content of the soil and alter their certain class of animals and distinguishes them from other direction of growth accordingly. animals. Such a grouping may seem too (c)abstract to be

Some are (c)reluctant to label plant movements as called a classification, but this is only because you have behaviors, since they lack nerves and muscles. But just as already mastered the word. As a child learning to speak, they are able to breathe without lungs and digest you had to work hard to (d)learn the system of nutrients without a stomach, plants have the ability to classification your parents were trying to teach you. Before move (behave). We should not dismiss the (d)absence of you got the hang of it, you probably made mistakes, like behavioral capacities in an organism simply because it calling the cat a dog. If you hadn’t learned to speak, the lacks the physiological mechanism that is responsible for whole world would seem like the (e)unorganized the behavior in animals. Plants clearly sense the supermarket; you would be in the position of an infant, environment, learn, store information, and use that for whom every object is new and unfamiliar. In learning information to guide movements; they behave. One might the principles of classification, therefore, we’ll be learning say that there is certain “intelligence” to their behavior. about the structure that lies at the core of our language.

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위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?267)

① Similarities of Strategies in Sales and Language Learning ② Classification: An Inherent Characteristic of Language ③ Exploring Linguistic Issues Through Categorization ④ Is a Ready-Made Classification System Truly Better? ⑤ Dilemmas of Using Classification in Language Education

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위 글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?268)

① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)

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This is true as long as intelligence is defined in terms of the ability to solve problems through behavioral (e)interactions with the environment, rather than with respect to mental capacity.

위 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?269)

① Plant Growth Is Up to Soil Content ② Plants Do Behave and Have Intelligence ③ Plants Know the Secret of Solar Signals ④ What Plants and Animals Need for Survival ⑤ Benefits and Challenges of Living in Nature

위 글의 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?270)

① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)